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Austenite Austenite has a face-centered cube (FCC) crystal structure which is stable even at high temperatures. It is found in some stainless steels, and high-alloy steels. Austenite is a ductile material that can be machined easily. It is used for applications that require high temperature strength and corrosion resistance, like in the aerospace or automotive industries.

The austenite grains just after the heating transformation are relatively small, and the grain boundaries are irregular arc-shaped. After a period of heating or heat preservation, the grains will grow and the grain boundaries will tend to be straightened. In the iron-carbon phase diagram, austenite is a high-temperature phase that exists above the critical point A1 temperature and is formed by the inverse eutectoid transformation of pearlite. When enough chemical elements that expand the austenite phase zone are added to the steel, such as Ni, Mn, etc., the austenite can be stabilized at room temperature, such as austenitic steel.

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Transformative product of supercooled Austenite at 350Ms. Its characteristic form is a biconvex, lens-shaped ferrite with supersaturated carbide, distributed in one direction. The flakes are arranged in a needle-shaped pattern within the crystal.

Features: The inter-flake spacing of pearlite is dependent on the degree of subcooling during austenite degradation. The smaller the distance between formed pearlite sheets, the greater the supercooling degree.

Bainite: Bainite forms when steel cools at intermediate cooling rates between pearlite and Martensite. It is composed of a ferrite matrix with an acicular structure. The steels are tough, strong, and machinable. These steels are used for applications that need a combination between strength and ductility.

The secondary cementite (carbides) that precipitate along the Acm lines are in the shape of a sheet, while the eutectoid cementedite is in a network.

Acicular martensite is also called flake martensite and high carbon martensite. It has the following characteristics: The first martensite layer formed in an austenite sheet is large, and it often extends through the whole grain. The grain of austenite is divided so that martensite can only be formed in a limited size. This causes the flake martensite to have a different size and erratic distribution. The acicular martensite forms in a specific orientation. The needles of martensite have a ridged surface. The sharper and more visible the martensite becomes, the higher the carbon content. There is also a white austenite retained between the martensite.

The ferrite will precipitate cementite, or tertiary cemitite. This appears as discontinuous flakes on the secondary cemitite.

Characteristics: It is produced by tempering the martensite between 350-500°C. The carbides are very finely distributed within the matrix of ferrite. The needle-like form has slowly disappeared, but it is still vaguely discernible. Under an optical microscope, the carbides are not distinguishable. Under an electron microscope, only dark structures are visible. Both phases can be clearly seen, and the carbide particles are growing significantly.

The lamella of pearlite formed at A1650 has a relatively thick thickness. When magnified 400 times or more, under a metallographic microscopy, wide parallel strips of ferrite can be seen, as well as thin strips of cementite. These are known respectively by the names of coarse pearlite, and lamellar Pearlite. Referred to by the name pearlite.

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Characteristics: This is formed by tempering the martensite between 150~250. This structure is highly susceptible to corrosion. Under an optical microscope, it appears as a dark-black needle-like structure (retaining the quenched Martensite orientation). It looks very much like lower bainite. Under a high-power electronic microscope, only very small carbide points are visible.

Definition: A solid solution of carbon and alloying elements dissolved in a-Fe Features: The slow cooling ferrite in hypoeutectoid steel is massive and the grain boundaries are relatively smooth. When the carbon content is close to the eutectoid composition, the ferrite precipitates along the grain boundaries. Cementite

Characteristics: This is formed by tempering the martensite between 150~250. This structure is highly susceptible to corrosion. Under an optical microscope, it appears as a dark-black needle-like structure (maintaining quenched martensite's orientation). It looks very much like lower bainite. Under a high-power electronic microscope, only very small carbide points are visible.

The feathers may be symmetrical, asymmetrical due to the different orientations. Ferrite feathers are either needle-shaped, or point-shaped. Shape, block. The needle feathers of high-carbon and high-alloy steel are not visible; medium-carbon and medium-alloy steel needle feathers can be clearly seen; low carbon and low alloy, the feathers and needles are both very clear. During transformation, the upper bainite forms at the grain boundaries and grows into grain without intergranular.

Characteristics: It is the transformation product of austenite supercooled in the uppermost portion of the bainite temperature zone. It is formed from massive ferrite with small islands of carbon-rich austenite. The carbon-rich austenite can remain in the retained form during the cooling process. It can also be decomposed to a mixture of cementite and ferrite (pearlite, bainite). Most likely it will be transformed to martensite with some remaining to form the M-A structure.

Characteristics:It is characterized by its flake-shaped, feather-shaped, or triangular shape. The coarse ferrite occurs in parallel or triangular patterns. The ferrite appears on the austenite grain boundaries and also grows inside the grain. Widmanstatten Cementite is a needle-shaped or a rod-shaped substance that appears within the austenite grain.

The primary cementite that forms first in liquid iron-carbon alloys is shaped like a block without sharp corners. Eutectic cementite takes the form of a skeleton.

Lath martensite is formed by arranging fine martensite strips in parallel. The orientation differences between the domains are large and several areas with different orientations may be present within the primary austenite grain. Lath-like Martensite is formed by heating to a high temperature. This causes self-tempering, which will occur during cooling. Carbides will also precipitate within the martensite.

Definition: A solid solution in which carbon and alloying elements are dissolved in γ-Fe, still maintaining the face-centered cubic lattice of γ-Fe

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Definition: The martensite decomposition results in a mixture of transition carbides (extremely fine) and supersaturated a-phase (lower carbon contents).

Characteristics: It is produced by tempering the martensite between 350！500°C. The carbides are very finely distributed within the matrix of ferrite. The needle-like form has slowly disappeared, but it is still vaguely discernible. Under an optical microscope, the carbides are not distinguishable. Under an electron microscope, only dark structures are visible. Both phases can be clearly seen, and the carbide particles are growing significantly.

Definition: A mixture of ferrite (the mechanical mix) and cementite (the chemical mixture) formed by eutectoid reactions in iron-carbon alloys

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Features: Austenite is the structure of general steel at high temperatures, and it exists in a certain range of temperature and composition. Some quenched steels can retain part of the austenite to room temperature. This austenite is called retained austenite. Austenite is generally composed of equiaxed polygonal grains with twins within the grains.

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Acme threads produce a traversing motion on machines and tools. The acme product is rolled in diameters from 1/8” to 7 1/2” and lengths to 40 feet. Right-handed and left-handed acme bar and acme threaded rod are available, as well as multiple leads, stub acme forms, and classes 2C, 2G, 3C, & 3G. Precision lead screw applications are accommodated by lead accuracy as close as .003" per foot and straightness to .001" per inch.

Martensite: Martensite forms when austenite is rapidly cooled. It is hard and fragile, which makes it difficult to machine. It can be machinable with the right cutting tools and techniques. Martensitic Steels are used for applications requiring high wear resistance and hardness, such as cutting tools, springs, dies and springs.

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Definition: The martensite decomposition results in a mixture of transition carbides (extremely fine) and supersaturated a-phase (lower carbon contents).

Definition: A mixture containing cementite and supersaturated acicular ferrrite, with cementite interspersed between the ferrite needles

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Pearlite: Pearlite has a lamellar shape consisting of layers of cementite and ferrite. The austenitic region of steel slowly cools to form this material. Pearlite is a combination of toughness, strength and machinability. It is found in steels with low and medium carbon content that are used for general purpose applications.

Lower bainite is the same color as tempered martensite. Lower bainite carbide points are thicker and more easily corroded than those in tempered martensite. Tempered martensite is lighter in color and less prone to corroding. The carbide dispersion in high-carbon, high-alloy is greater than that of low carbon low alloy steel. Also, the needles of high-carbon and high-alloy are thinner.

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Characteristics: Formation temperature is in the uppermost portion of the bainite temperature zone. Austenite with high carbon content is present between the lath and ferrite. This austenite then undergoes the same transformation when cooled. Carbide-free austenite is found in low carbon steels and can also be easily formed in steels with high silicon or aluminum content.

Phase transformation product from supercooled austenite (350~550°C). The typical shape of this material is a group of parallel ferrite sheets with an orientation of 68od. There are also edges between the laths. Short rods or pieces of carbide arranged along the long axis. Upper bainite has a feather shape, and the grain boundaries are the axis for symmetry.

A metallographic microscopy can magnify the pearlite at 600550 500 times, but lamellae are not distinguishable. The only structures visible are black pellets. Only an electron microscope magnified by 10,000 times can distinguish the lamellae, also known as a troubadour. body.

Ferrite: A BCC structure is stable even at low temperatures. It is soft and has a good machinability. Due to their high ferrite content and good corrosion resistance, ferritic steels are often used in automotive applications such as exhaust systems.

Features:  Cementite does not corrode easily by nitric alcohol solution, and it appears white. However, alkaline sodium picrate corrodes cementite and causes it to appear black. Cementite comes in many different microstructural varieties. It can be found in flakes, granules or plates when coexisting with steel and cast iron.

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Definition: The Widmanstatten structure is formed when the austenite is relatively coarse, and the cooling rate is suitable.

Definition: Eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite Features: dendritic austenite is distributed on the cementite matrix

A metallographic microscopy magnifies the pearlite at 650600 500 times. The cementite can only be seen as a thin black line. Troxtenite is the name given to lamellae which can only be seen by magnifying 1,000 times.