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One example is the alloy containing 48% nickel and the balance iron (UNS K94800). This alloy has the following expansion coefficients:

Other iron-nickel alloys include taenite and tetratenite (both native metals contained in meteorites), kamacite, antinaenite, and awaruite (which is a native intermetallic compound commonly found in meteorites and serpentine.)

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Nickel alloys are used extensively because of their corrosion resistance, high-temperature, strength, and their special magnetic and thermal expansion properties. This article will explore the different iron-nickel alloys used in industrial applications and naturally occurring types of iron-nickel alloys.

This group of alloys are frequently sold under trade name specifications but most are listed in the Unified Numbering System. Common trade names are HASTELLOY, INCOLOY, INCONEL, NICROFER, and NIMONIC,

All metals ‘creep’ under stress at high temperature and in their manufactured form, components may deform. This deformation could cause failure. Nickel alloys have higher strength and longer life at elevated temperature than most alloys. This makes them ideal for such parts as blades and disks in gas turbine engines. The designer however, must determine the expected life of each component and use the appropriate creep and rupture strength in the design.

The acquisition is taking place at a critical time as more cities across the U.S. prioritize zero-waste goals, due to the combined urgency of climate risks and increasing landfill costs. Similarly, many leading corporations in the U.S. are committing to keep more materials in circulation and incorporate more recycled content in their packaging, as part of their larger sustainability and net zero goals. According to the Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative, 70% of all global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are related to material handling and use, making circular economy infrastructure a critical part of the solution to the climate crisis. Expanding access to recycling and reuse services will enable cities and businesses to avoid the costs and emissions of landfilling products and packaging and achieve their sustainability goals.

This alloy has an expansion co-efficient designed to match that of soda-lime and soft lead glasses and thus provides a sound glass/metal seal that will not crack because of differential expansion between the two materials.

Closed Loop Partners is at the forefront of building the circular economy. The company is comprised of three key business segments: an investment firm, innovation center and operating group.

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In massive stars, iron and nickel are produced during the final stages of stellar nucleosynthesis. This is the process whereby elements are produced during nuclear fusion. Iron comprises approximately 5% of the Earth’s crust, whereas nickel comprises around 0.0084%. Both elements are also found in small quantities in seawater and biological organisms.

These alloys are used where a higher strength is required compared to pure nickel. They have a wider range of environments where they resist corrosion but in some specialised applications, such as strong alkali contaminant, nickel would be superior.

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What is in nickel-iron alloys? These are a group of alloys that primarily consist of iron and nickel, with some additional fortifying elements such as chromium, cobalt, titanium, copper, and molybdenum. Iron and nickel are the main constituents of iron meteorites and planetary cores in telluric planets.

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Midwest Fiber began in 1990 when founders Ron and Linda Shumaker purchased the Decatur Recycle Paper Company. Since then, with sons Mike and Todd Shumaker, they have grown the company into one of the largest recycling operations in the Midwest, with facilities in Decatur, Normal, Urbana and Peroria, IL and Terre Haute, IN. Today, Midwest Fiber services residential single-stream and commercial properties via a dedicated collection fleet. In addition, Midwest Fiber provides document destruction and recycling services and has a recycled material brokerage arm that helps generators maximize value by marketing directly to end-users. Following the acquisition, Midwest Fiber’s management team will continue to run the company, partnering with the Circular Services team and leveraging its broader platform to continue its growth trajectory.

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The majority of the stainless steels contain 8-10% nickel. In all cases, it is the combination of chromium with the nickel that does the job. Stainless steels are also useful as fire retardant materials since they retain their strength to higher temperatures than structural steel.

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These alloys are used extensively where changes in mechanical properties with temperature could be a problem, such as in precision springs. The alloys are also used where a metal/glass seal is required.

They find wide application in oil refining and marine applications where long corrosion-free life is required. Because of their good thermal conductivity they frequently are used for heat exchangers where sea water is one of the fluids concerned.

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About Circular Services Circular Services is the operating group of Closed Loop Partners, a leading investment firm focused on advancing the circular economy. Circular Services provides holistic, circular materials management to close the loop on valuable materials for municipalities and businesses throughout the United States. Employing innovative technology within reuse, recycling, remanufacturing and re-commerce solutions, Circular Services improves regional economic and environmental outcomes by building resilient systems to keep food & organics, textiles, electronics, packaging and more, in circulation and out of landfill or the natural environment. For more information, please visit https://www.closedlooppartners.com/circular-services/

“The Shumakers have built and led a great company with an excellent reputation as they served their surrounding communities for over 30 years,” said Tom Outerbridge, CEO of Balcones Recycling. “We are proud to join forces with Mike, Todd and their management team and leverage our collective expertise and growing portfolio of facilities to offer custom, effective recycling solutions to more municipalities, counties and small-to-large businesses.”

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The primary distinction between graphene-based batteries and solid-state batteries lies in the composition of either electrode. Although the cathode is commonly changed, carbon allotropes can also be employed in fabricating anodes.

For applications which require enhanced corrosion resistance, such as for roofing in marine applications, type 316 is used. This has about the same amount of nickel and chromium as 304 but with 3%  molybdenum added.

“Todd and I waited to find the right partner,” said Mike Shumaker, CEO of Midwest Fiber Recycling. “The singular focus of Circular Services and Balcones Recycling on advancing robust circular materials management, as well as their longstanding experience operating recycling infrastructure, made them a great fit. We look forward to working alongside their team, and leading our family business into the next chapter.”

Many naturally occurring iron nickel alloys exist due to the affinity between the two elements. Naturally abundant iron nickel alloy examples include meteoric iron or telluric iron. These are types of minerals and are called native metals. Some alloys, such as meteoric iron, have more than one crystalline structure.

Metals fail at high temperatures by both oxidation (scaling) and through a loss in strength. Alloys in this class are designed to resist failure from both of these mechanisms. Nickel alloys are not suitable for high temperature sulphur rich environments.

December 18, 2023, New York, NY – Circular Services, a leading developer and operator of circular economy infrastructure in the U.S., announced its acquisition of Midwest Fiber Recycling, growing the portfolio of materials recovery facilities under Circular Services’ recycling arm, Balcones Recycling. This marks Circular Services’ expansion into the Midwest of the U.S., to support existing recycling infrastructure and services in the region and increase the recovery of valuable materials into domestic supply chains.

We aim to advance the transition to a circular economy, a balanced system based on resilient profitability, where economic growth is decoupled from the extraction and landfilling of natural resources.

The US Geological Survey estimates that global crude iron reserves are around 170 billion tonnes. Of this figure, 81 billion tonnes of extractable iron can be utilized in industrial applications. Iron is also recyclable, with 50 million metric tons recovered in the US in 2019. 4-4.6 million tonnes of nickel-bearing scrap is recycled per year.

Circular Services operates several companies to offer holistic circular materials management services, helping municipalities and businesses close the loop on valuable materials, including paper, metal, glass, plastics, organics, textiles and electronics. Among these companies is Balcones Recycling, Circular Services’ recycling company. Prior to this acquisiton, Balcones Recycling was already one of the largest independent recycling companies in the country, handling more than 1 million tons of recyclables each year through its operations in New York, New Jersey, Florida, Texas, Arizona and Arkansas. Following this acquisition, Balcones Recycling will operate 18 materials recovery facilities across the U.S., including five from Midwest Fiber.

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The world has significant reserves of nickel and iron. The Nickel Institute estimates that there are around 300 million tons of nickel reserves on Earth. Major nickel producers include Canada, Australia, Russia, and South Africa. Over 80% of nickel extracted historically has been extracted in the last three decades.

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About Balcones Recycling Balcones Recycling is a Circular Services company. As a pure-play recycling company, Balcones is on a mission to recover all recyclables from the waste stream. As such, we design custom recycling programs focused on keeping resources away from landfills. We are known for building state-of-the-art facilities and fostering great partnerships with small-to-large businesses, counties and municipalities. We don’t stop at processing – we are active in key industry initiatives to increase the circularity of our materials and economy. We prioritize education and outreach initiatives to improve recycling participation. We love what we do and look forward to partnering with you to build a circular economy, one bale at a time. Learn more about Balcones Recycling at https://www.balconesrecycling.com/about/

The more recent alloys in these groups also have a wide range of ancillary elements added to give special properties - some of these can be quite complicated and require very close control over composition and heat treatment.

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There is a requirement for materials with high magnetic permeability to minimise the power requirements to generate a strong magnetic field, such as that required in tape recorder heads and for magnetic shielding around precision cathode ray display devices.

The most common stainless steel is the 304 grade with 8% nickel and 18% chromium as well as  iron. This steel is used for such common items as spoons and forks, saucepans and kitchen sinks.

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The acquisition of a leading Midwest recycling company expands Circular Services’ holistic materials management services to support more communities and companies across the U.S.

These high permeability materials are complex alloys based on nickel with a range of composition possibilities. A typical composition could be: 70-80% nickel with small amounts of molybdenum and/or copper and the balance iron. This alloy would be expected to have a maximum relative permeability of between 50,000 and 100,000. Common trade names of this group are MU-METAL and PERMALLOY.

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There is also a requirement for materials with a constant permeability over a range of magnetic flux densities. This is required in telephone equipment and electrical fitters where a variation in permeability would result in distortion. These alloys are generally known as the PERMINVAR alloys and have compositions ranging around 45% nickel, 30% iron and 25% cobalt.

There are a group of nickel-iron ‘controlled expansion’ alloys where the expansion coefficient is low and constant over a range of temperatures.

These alloys are sometimes referred to as MONEL or NICORROS and contain nickel with copper and small amounts of iron and manganese. A typical alloy is the 400 grade (UNS N04400). This contains 63% nickel minimum, 28-34% copper, and a maximum of 2% manganese and 2.5% iron. There are also a small number of impurities kept at limited values to ensure the metal’s properties are not harmed.

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“We are excited to expand Circular Services and have Midwest Fiber Recycling be a part of our larger portfolio of infrastructure and services keeping materials in circulation—from paper, to plastic, organics, electronics, textiles and more,” said Amy Wagner, CFO & EVP of Business Development & Operations, Circular Services. “We look forward to expanding our services to the Midwest region of the U.S., and into commercial and brokerage services, providing more communities and companies with the infrastructure needed to reduce dependence on extraction and landfill, and advance a circular economy.”

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These alloys are used extensively in applications where heat resistance and/or corrosion resistance is required. In some members of the group, where conditions are less demanding, some nickel is replaced by iron to decrease the overall cost