If a deeper groove isn’t available, it is acceptable to leave two thirds of the ring sticking out while one third remains in the groove.

In applications where the removal of a ring may be a frequent occurrence, it’s important to design for ease of removal. This could be as simple as including a scallop into the ring for a better grip.

Designers can work around this issue by providing stress relief to the springs around a shaft, and only designing up to 80 percent of the stress that they would for a bore ring.

For manufacturers and design engineers who want to work with Smalley to create a custom retaining ring, it’s important to know exactly what they expect from their application to prevent ring failure.

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“We suggest the groove be wider by a few thousandths of an inch than the thickness of the ring, so we can ensure the installation will be done properly,” Moskalik explained. “However, if the groove is too wide, too much axial load to the outer edge of the ring will cause it to dish over if it isn’t feeding against something.”

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“If an application was going to be rotating a ring, whether at 10 rpm or 10,000 rpm, a designer is going to need to know,” Moskalik said. “They don’t necessarily have to specify they need a self-locking ring, but designers should want to make sure that their application requirements aren’t going to exceed what the ring can handle.”

“If there is huge chamfer or gigantic radius on the retained component, it could roll over the ring and dish it because you’re now hitting the ring at a higher point on the outside diameter,” Moskalik said.

If confronted with a retaining ring failure, it may be necessary to go back to the design stages to discover the source of the issues.

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In a high speed milling machine with a spindle turning at 25,000-30,000 rpm, however, the design engineer must think of a different solution.

In this scenario, the designer must establish the maximum rotational capacity of a ring. To determine this, the designer must use a formula to determine at what point the ring would centrifuge off the bottom of the groove.

Remember that retaining rings operate as shoulders – gears and other components are consistently going up against these rings, whether on a shaft or in a bore.

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Moskalik explains that due to residual stresses built up in the coiling process rings will naturally try to straighten themselves out to their original shapes.

The depth of the groove should be about one third of the width of the ring. For example, if you have 0.24 wide ring then the groove at that point would 0.08.

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ENGINEERING.com recently had the opportunity to speak with Ben Moskalik, senior research and development engineer at Smalley, to discuss the most important things to consider when designing and using retaining rings.

“Ring failure typically starts at the groove, not the ring…. We build in a safety factor of typically two for groove deformation formulas to make sure the retaining ring isn’t going to pop out. People sometimes make their grooves out of a soft material, or they may not be deep enough or square enough. The integrity of that groove and the material it’s made out of are important things and tend to be overlooked.”

“Not everyone is gentle when they take things off,” Moskalik said. “From a design standpoint, if we know that someone is removing it often, we want to make sure our installation stresses are low.”

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Smalley Steel Ring Company has sponsored this post. They had no editorial input into this post. All opinions are mine. –Kagan Pittman

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For the refuse truck scenario, the ring must be designed to compensate for shock load, which requires a thicker retaining ring to handle the pressure of the application.

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When the ring is wrapped around a shaft, it’s spread out and so it is closer to its original straight shape. Bore rings, on the other hand, will cling to the area they’re housed in for the same reason.

The groove of the ring should never be the same as the ring thickness, or else the ring will never install correctly. If the ring isn’t correctly seated, the ring will easily work itself out of the groove.

More importantly, it’s vital that design engineers consider how users will treat the ring. If a ring must be removed, will it be replaced? Or will it be used again until it fails? The ring must be designed for durability and be capable of clinging to a shaft or groove even after one or more removals.

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The biggest mistake that any design engineer could make when developing a retaining ring is underestimating the importance of the groove in the design process, Moskalik continued.

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For example, if an application required a greater than typical rotational capacity, designers could adjust for greater cling or increase the ring’s width to inhibit that excess of rotational capacity.

“There are some rules of thumb that we use here at Smalley that we can share,” Moskalik said. “The ring being seated in the groove is truly one of the most important aspects of a retaining ring.”

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Finding the right strength material can be tricky. Designers would want the ring to be strong to keep their cling, but not so strong that users would have to deform the ring to remove it.

“We would prefer retaining rings be discarded if they’re going to be removed, but that’s not always the case,” Moskalik added.

“The amount of ring sticking out for a 45° chamfer is 0.375 max chamfer for the amount of the ring sticking out proud of the shaft. Essentially, the overall ring width minus the groove depth and the maximum radius we’d want is half the ring sticking out.”

Alternatively, designers can also turn to self-locking mechanisms, essentially a tab in a slot. These small tabs on the inside turn, which can lock into a slot on the outside turn.