For non-rectangular boards, bow and twist can be measured by placing a rectangle over the PCB that is being tested. The imaginary rectangle’s dimensions should be the minimum that completely encloses the specimen.

Hartzell V. Schaff, M.D., cardiovascular surgeon, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, United States: Like many patients that enter the clinic now, the first meeting was by video conference that was set up through the Mayo Clinic office in London. Gerard Kenneally: It's been seven or eight months now since the surgery. And yeah, I'm feeling much, much better. Don't suffer any of the symptoms I had previously. Clare Kenneally, patient's wife: I would recommend the Mayo Clinic to others because I feel they specialize in certain things and they do a lot of it. So they're good at it. They're at the forefront of anything that's different or new, or difficult. Gosia G. Wamil, M.D., Ph.D.: Each year we see over a million patients from 140 countries. Hartzell V. Schaff, M.D.: I think if you're in the UK and you want a second opinion, the Mayo Clinic office in London, it's absolutely the best place to go because the person that has access to all of the expertise, over 4,000 specialists. So when you get a consultation in London, you're not getting just that person's experience, but you'll get the shared experience of the larger Mayo Clinic system.

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The bow is the deviation from the flatness of a circuit board. It is a cylindrical/spherical curve on a rectangular plane surface, as shown in the image above.

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Annamae Kenneally, patient's daughter: I remember when he went to the Mayo Clinic in London and had testing done there and met with the doctors there. Within a day, he was able to tell us really what they found was going on.

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The thickness primarily depends on factors such as copper thickness, materials used, number of layers, and the operating environment. The standard PCB thicknesses are 31 mils, 62 mils, 93 mils, and 125 mils.

Hartzell V. Schaff, M.D.: I think if you're in the UK and you want a second opinion, the Mayo Clinic office in London, it's absolutely the best place to go because the person that has access to all of the expertise, over 4,000 specialists. So when you get a consultation in London, you're not getting just that person's experience, but you'll get the shared experience of the larger Mayo Clinic system.

The drilling process is the basis for vias and layer interconnections. A design engineer must always look into the board manufacturers’ capabilities and tolerances before placing an order.

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Gerard Kenneally: It's been seven or eight months now since the surgery. And yeah, I'm feeling much, much better. Don't suffer any of the symptoms I had previously. Clare Kenneally, patient's wife: I would recommend the Mayo Clinic to others because I feel they specialize in certain things and they do a lot of it. So they're good at it. They're at the forefront of anything that's different or new, or difficult. Gosia G. Wamil, M.D., Ph.D.: Each year we see over a million patients from 140 countries. Hartzell V. Schaff, M.D.: I think if you're in the UK and you want a second opinion, the Mayo Clinic office in London, it's absolutely the best place to go because the person that has access to all of the expertise, over 4,000 specialists. So when you get a consultation in London, you're not getting just that person's experience, but you'll get the shared experience of the larger Mayo Clinic system.

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Gerard Kenneally, patient: Before I had my surgery, I was quite restricted in what I could do. I would get asthma-like symptoms and difficulty breathing. I would get out of breath literally, sometimes getting out of the car. I was diagnosed with hypertropic cardiomyopathy here in Ireland, but wasn't offered any treatment other than some drug treatment.

Mayo Clinic Healthcare, located in London, offers care tailored to your needs and a host of on-site, state-of-the-art diagnostic tests so you can receive same-day answers.

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Tolerance is the allowed diversion/variation from a specific dimension. It defines the acceptable variation between the maximum and minimum limits. For example, if an ideal part is to be 10mm with a tolerance of ± 1mm, any part that falls between 9 and 11 mm will be acceptable. PCB manufacturing tolerances with respect to material thickness, copper thickness, drilling, plating, and solder masks play an important role in the fabrication process. Maintaining these tolerances will ensure that your circuit boards are manufactured precisely.

Gosia G. Wamil, M.D., Ph.D., senior associate consultant — cardiology, Mayo Clinic in London: So from my first consultations and meeting with Mr. Kenneally, it became very clear. He was very curious. He wanted to understand his diagnosis and he wanted to explore options of definitive treatment. Annamae Kenneally, patient's daughter: I remember when he went to the Mayo Clinic in London and had testing done there and met with the doctors there. Within a day, he was able to tell us really what they found was going on. Gosia G. Wamil, M.D., Ph.D.: In Mr. Kenneally's case, we required a multidisciplinary approach to his management. We then made a plan for moving towards the surgical when there is a need for treatment that is not available in London, then we transfer seamlessly to the U.S. Hartzell V. Schaff, M.D., cardiovascular surgeon, Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, United States: Like many patients that enter the clinic now, the first meeting was by video conference that was set up through the Mayo Clinic office in London. Gerard Kenneally: It's been seven or eight months now since the surgery. And yeah, I'm feeling much, much better. Don't suffer any of the symptoms I had previously. Clare Kenneally, patient's wife: I would recommend the Mayo Clinic to others because I feel they specialize in certain things and they do a lot of it. So they're good at it. They're at the forefront of anything that's different or new, or difficult. Gosia G. Wamil, M.D., Ph.D.: Each year we see over a million patients from 140 countries. Hartzell V. Schaff, M.D.: I think if you're in the UK and you want a second opinion, the Mayo Clinic office in London, it's absolutely the best place to go because the person that has access to all of the expertise, over 4,000 specialists. So when you get a consultation in London, you're not getting just that person's experience, but you'll get the shared experience of the larger Mayo Clinic system.

A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "Mayo Clinic Healthcare," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.

Clare Kenneally, patient's wife: I would recommend the Mayo Clinic to others because I feel they specialize in certain things and they do a lot of it. So they're good at it. They're at the forefront of anything that's different or new, or difficult. Gosia G. Wamil, M.D., Ph.D.: Each year we see over a million patients from 140 countries. Hartzell V. Schaff, M.D.: I think if you're in the UK and you want a second opinion, the Mayo Clinic office in London, it's absolutely the best place to go because the person that has access to all of the expertise, over 4,000 specialists. So when you get a consultation in London, you're not getting just that person's experience, but you'll get the shared experience of the larger Mayo Clinic system.

Mayo Clinic Healthcare, private healthcare located in London

Adhering to design for manufacturing guidelines can help you prevent bow and twist. To learn the DFM rules and best practices, download the DFM Handbook.

The twist is the deformation of a rectangular circuit board, causing one of the sheets’ corners to be off the plane containing the other three corners.

To achieve undistorted signal propagation through traces, a uniformly controlled impedance is a must to minimize signal reflections, hence distortion.

Gosia G. Wamil, M.D., Ph.D.: In Mr. Kenneally's case, we required a multidisciplinary approach to his management. We then made a plan for moving towards the surgical when there is a need for treatment that is not available in London, then we transfer seamlessly to the U.S.