Inductive research methods like conventional content analysis—a bottom-up approach where you develop codes as you analyze data—are used when the existing theories or literature on the phenomenon are limited or fractured. Or when you plan to study a new phenomenon—just as you would with other inductive methods such as latent content analysis.

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When you don’t have access to study participants nor the time or resources to conduct interviews or direct observation, content analysis is an advantageous method. Access to textual data can offset this lack of resources and offers another scenario where content analysis is used.

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For example, AISI 1018 carbon steel typically contains 0.15% – 0.20% carbon, 0.05% sulphur and 0.04% phosphorus. AISI 1215 steel contains 0.09% carbon, 0.04% – 0.09% phosphorus, 0.75% – 1.05% manganese, and 0.35% sulfur. Nevertheless, most steel alloys have good mechanical properties and machinability.

You want to understand the unique lived experiences of a social setting without imposing preconceived theories or categories (with an example to follow).

To summarize the use cases of conventional content analysis, you can employ this methodology in the following research scenarios:

In this conventional qualitative content analysis example—Primary school students’ poetic malaria messages from Jimma zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: a qualitative content analysis—Kebede, Hayder, Girma, Alemayehu, Abebe, Sudhakar, and Birhanu (2021) explored twenty poems produced by students aged 12 to 17 years to understand the malaria messages conveyed in them.

Conventional method definitionand examples

By analyzing students' thoughts and experiences with malaria in the form of poems, the content depicted their communities’ experiences, perceptions, beliefs, and emotions in regard to malaria. The study also analyzed their perception of ways to prevent, transmit, and treat the illness.

For instance, the “most dominant” message presented across the poems was the “perceived severity” of malaria under the thematic message “perceived effectiveness of measures”—accounting for 101 of the 602 (16.8%) of the specific words or phrases collected.

The intensity of this term—along with the researcher's analysis of it within the context of the poems—showed that ITNs are a proven first-line defense. Further, many community members often misuse or simply do not use the government-provided nets altogether. Misuse included using the nets as animal traps or not caring for them properly (stitching rips, cleaning the nets).

Conventional methodin Microbiology

There are two key differences between conventional content analysis and other forms of inductive analysis—such as grounded theory and thematic analysis.

The second step is to read your collected data together multiple times to compile and make sense of the categories within it. As with all qualitative methods of research, content analysis is an iterative process. You should read the data repeatedly to achieve immersion and obtain a sense of the whole picture (Tesch, 1990).

A major challenge with aluminum is that it forms a gummy buildup when cut or machined. This is primarily due to the low melting temperature of aluminum, making it fuse to the cutting edge of cutting tools.

Kleinheksel, A. J., Rockich-Winston, N., Tawfik, H., & Wyatt, T. R. (2020). Demystifying Content Analysis. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(1).

This is part of our Practical Guide to Qualitative Content Analysis | Start a Free Trial of Delve | Take Our Free Online Qualitative Data Analysis Course

What isconventional methodof teaching

Essentially, they state that frequency counts are core to their findings and make it clear by tabulating their results in the final write-up. A thematic analysis paper—or any other method of qualitative research—would not assign relevance to this information.

The malaria study provides guidance at this step of the process. Especially if you will conduct your study with other researchers:

A tangible example from the malaria study helps clarify this final step and reiterates the main difference from other qualitative methods like thematic analysis. The researchers state that "to assess the intensity of the underlying messages and the extent to which they were conveyed, the identified message contents were quantified in a frequency table considering a total count of 602 codes as a denominator."

Brass is a metal alloy containing copper and zinc. It’s known for its stability, medium hardness, high strength, and, more importantly, good machinability. In fact, brass alloys won’t cause undue wear and tear on CNC machines like the majority of the soft metals used in CNC machining.

Some content mediums are used more often than others. Transcribed interviews, for instance, can be used in conventional analysis, but they are used more often in grounded theory, thematic analysis, or phenomenological research where the goal is—as mentioned—to analyze lived experience of people through interviews and direct observation.

Steel is one of the most commonly used metals for precision CNC machining. It is an alloy containing iron and carbon (up to 2%) and a variety of other elements in various amounts.

Conventional methodin chemistry

Second, grounded theory and thematic analysis—as well as phenomenological research—share a similar inductive approach to conventional content analysis. All start with immersion in your data in order to identify key concepts and begin creating your coding scheme.

The first step in any research method is to collect your data. In conventional content analysis, data is primarily collected through textual content like news articles, research papers, poems, transcribed news stories, and sometimes transcribed interviews.

Now, you better understand how conventional content analysis is applied in the field. In order to apply this method in your own research, we outline the steps followed by researchers—in the malaria study and others—to utilize this approach.

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Brass alloys are suited for electronic hardware and contacts, gears, and lock components. Its excellent surface finish also makes it ideal for a wide range of ornamental applications.

Next, make notes and memos about your first impressions, thoughts, and initial analysis through bracketing—for yourself and other researchers involved in your study. Delve makes this easy with the ability to record notes directly to your codes.

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However, a major challenge you may experience with brass is its susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking, especially when it comes in contact with ammonia or ammonia-based solutions. To resolve this limitation, you would have to subject the workpiece to heat treatments like annealing during post-processing operations.

Not convinced? As researchers ourselves, we understand the pitfalls of most CAQDAS software. See why researchers like Tamra are switching to our easy-to-use, drag-and-drop coding software.

In contrast, directed content analysis is an example of deductive research methodology—similar to manifest content analysis, and opposite to latent content analysis—where preexisting theories or studies help focus and guide your research questions and coding scheme.

Like steel, aluminum also holds great importance in a variety of industries. But what really makes aluminum stand out is its lightweight nature and corrosion resistance property.

In this article, we’ll discuss some of the different available metals for machining. Here are five of the most frequently machined metals and their machinable alloys.

Read your transcripts several times in order to inductively identify the words or phrases that embody the main concepts—and that connect them within the content. These high-frequency words and phrases help structure your coding scheme and pick out larger thematic concepts. Finally, just as the researchers did with the malaria poems, assign codes to each message you decide to track in your frequency counts.

Another critical property of copper is its ability to fight bacteria. Results from the tests conducted by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency reveal that copper alloys (that contain at least 60% copper) kill 99.9% of bacteria within two hours of contact. This makes copper ideal for fabricating components used in the medical industry like bed rails, faucets, and sinks.

The researchers generated codes, categories, and themes by immersing themselves in 20 poems. Then, they organized messages into codes, categories, and themes by how frequently they appear within the text. Next, they defined and analyzed all three. Finally, the final write-up tabulated frequencies of occurrence across the poems and offered a conclusive narrative of the study.

The electronics and semiconductor industries also rely on CNC machined copper components for electromagnets and circuit boards. The only major challenge with copper alloys is their susceptibility to corrosion when exposed to sulfides, halogens, and ammonia-based solutions.

When it comes to product design and computer numerical control (CNC) machining, you’ve got a broad range of engineering materials to choose from for your product design project, including metals, plastics, and composites.

From here, you assign codes to the new words or content you identify that don’t fit into existing codes. Repeat this process until your content is completely coded. You want clear, reproducible results for your study so it is important to reflect on the consistency of your code and your process to this point.

Conventional content analysis is an inductive method of qualitative research in which you develop codes, categories, and themes from textual data instead of from preexisting theories.

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One thing to note, though: steel is highly susceptible to corrosion, so it might not be your best metal choice if your machined part will be used in a humid environment.

During machining, heat gets trapped in the work zone, causing metallurgical reactions that cause gummy buildup and affect cutting action more severely than other metals like stainless steel and cast iron.

After coding your transcript, the next step is to organize your codes into categories and subcategories based on how they relate or link to one another. As you continue, categories emerge that reflect more than one key idea. These emergent categories are used to organize and group codes into meaningful clusters (Coffey & Atkinson, 1996). The clusters then become themes—like the five thematic messages from the malaria poems—that help organize your code for your final narrative write-up.

Conventional methodexample

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“As much as possible, the investigators reported the actual meanings of the contents in the poems with minimal interpretation bias. To ensure this, they maintained subjective neutrality and bracketed themselves to provide consistent interpretations transpiring during the coding process instead of their own interpretations. Peer debriefing and daily interactions among each other maintained the credibility of the findings.”

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As we always tell our customers, there’s no perfect metal for your manufacturing project: the right choice will depend on many factors, including hardness, tensile strength, corrosion resistance, machinability, surface finish, and cost, among others.

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With Delve’s qualitative content analysis tool, code counts are instantaneous and organized through the simple drag-and-drop feature. You can easily track how prevalent codes and categories are in your data and even create bracketing memos and notes to refer back to later—both important steps that are highlighted in the guide above.

First, the existing concepts within the poems were identified and quantified through immersion in the selected poems. Then, the contents were interpreted to infer meaning from the “dominating words” that appeared at the highest intensity throughout the poems.

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However, these three methods go beyond conventional content analysis in order to offer a theory or a nuanced understanding of the lived experience of people through interviews and direct observation  (Hseih and Shannon, 2005). That is to say that the results are largely driven by direct interaction with people rather than at arm's length through textual content.

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Though just primary school students, the authors of the poems were engaged in developing and disseminating messages to schools and broader communities. The researchers state this is an effective community approach as schools are a “traditional societal setting crucial for people to interact and communicate with and share information about different individuals.”[1]

Now, you clearly define each code, category, and theme that emerged from the previous steps in preparation to report your findings. Depending on the purpose of your study, you might also decide to identify the relationship between categories—such as ITNs and caring for nets—further based on how they relate to one another in the content. This is an option if you find their concurrence provides supporting insights for your study.

Delve also provides advanced code frequency through code co-occurrence matrices. These matrices show how frequently codes overlap, and how codes correlate to descriptors or attributes you identify. With this information, you can pinpoint the overarching themes of your study.

As another example of dominant messages, insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) were mentioned 66 times throughout the 20 poems. Specifically, 17 “caring for nets” messages and 49 “ITNs” messages. This coded message was a sub-category of two of the five larger thematic messages: “knowledge about malaria” and “perceived effectiveness of measures”.

Coffey, A., Beverley, H., & Paul, A. (1996). Qualitative Data Analysis: Technologies and Representations. Sociological Research Online, 1(1), 80–91.

Isotopes are defined as atoms of the same element which differ in mass number. The amount of deflection is related to the mass of the isotope.

But of all these engineering materials, metals remain the most commonly used in many industries. In fact, the global metal machining market size was valued at $6.17 billion in 2017 alone and is poised to grow at a CAGR of 5.9% during a forecast period of 2020 – 2027.

Further highlighting the core importance of frequency counts in content analysis, the researcher's counts were tabulated in the final study results in order to display the frequencies of their occurrence across all of the poems—shown in Table 2.

First, code frequency is central to the analytical process of conventional content analysis. Uniquely, this method considers frequency as a core marker of relevance.

Aluminum is typically 2.5 times less dense than steel and is less likely to crack during CNC machining operations. Aluminum also forms a layer of oxide (aluminum oxide), which acts to protect the metal from oxygen (the major element that causes the oxidative effect of corrosion).

The research was conducted in rural areas of Africa where malaria is endemic as part of a larger intervention and education approach to quell the spread of the disease.

Oftentimes, one of the best ways to understand a specific research method is to consider a study conducted by applying that approach. The following study exemplifies a typical research scenario where conventional content analysis is best-suited to the researcher’s goals.

Copper is also among the most widely used metals for machining in a broad range of industries. In addition to being one of the most cost-effective metals today, copper boasts excellent machinability, good surface finish, and good electrical and thermal conductivity.

Conventional methodsynonyms

Kebede, Y., Hayder, A., Girma, K. et al. Primary school students’ poetic malaria messages from Jimma zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: a qualitative content analysis. BMC Public Health 21, 1688 (2021).

The researchers selected 22 words and phrases (categories within the larger themes mentioned below) by their dominance—i.e. frequency, intensity, ocurrence—in the poems. There were 602 total message counts of those terms tallied between the 22 categories. [Table 2]

Types ofconventionalmethods

Abbas J, Aman J, Nurunnabi M, Bano S. The impact of social media Lon earning behavior for sustainable education: evidence of students from selected universities in Pakistan. Sustainability. 2019;11(6):1683.

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Although titanium boasts a low strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion and chemical resistance, and high strength, it is extremely challenging to machine. This difficulty is primarily due to titanium’s poor thermal conductivity.

The frequency—also referred to as intensity—of words, themes, and categories are often recorded in a table format and clearly explained in the final write-up. In thematic analysis and grounded theory, frequency counts can be used as a tool but it is generally frowned upon to equate frequency with any direct importance or relevance to a study.

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This method involves first immersing yourself in the textual content in order to identify codes, patterns, and trends by counting the frequency of specific words or phrases. Then, you infer new insights from the frequency counts as they relate to the phenomenon you are studying.

Delve, Ho, L., & Limpaecher, A. (2022c, December 21). Step-by-Step Guide: What is Qualitative Conventional Content Analysis? https://delvetool.com/blog/conventional-content-analysis

Conventional content analysis is generally applied to textual data and there is no widely accepted list of specific content mediums you must use in your research.

Finally, report your findings, including the definition of each code and category. To reinforce the trustworthiness and validity of your study, you can also explain the perceived relationship between the categories you identified as they relate to the larger theme of your study. The narrative should include a summary of how your findings contribute to the topic of interest and suggestions for future research on the subject.