So again, for these heavier milling operations, you will need to use a lower feedrate to allow your mill to stay cool, or simply reduce the depth of cut.

What I would like to know is exactly how a taut string interacts with a ring threaded onto it. About the contact force and tension in particular.

A general rule of thumb is to take passes that are around half the diameter of your mill. But remember, as mentioned above: some more complex or hard materials requires lower depth of cut (typical examples are aluminium and  plexiglas...).

This is a great starting point if you are a novice. When you are feeling more confident, slowly increase the chip load towards the “Advanced chip load table” values.

Always clamp your workpiece in the best possible way. A loose workpiece will vibrate while being cut and cause a bad surface finish. If you are not sure about your clamping, use wood screws to attach your workpiece in many points to the spoiler board. It is not the fanciest clamp in the world, but it is fast and efficient.

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Depending on how deep you want your end mill to go inside the material, you will have to adapt your feed rate to spare it.

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As illustrated above, there are mainly two bad spots that you want to avoid. The first one happens when you reduce your spindle speed too much relative to the feed rate. Doing so, you’re forcing the flutes of your end mill to cut off too much material, which can lead to unwanted vibration or worse, a broken tool.

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Feedrates are found using the formula given earlier in this document, but Fusion360 embeds a very handy chip load calculator which gives you the mill’s chip load for given feed and speed.

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An important factor to consider while reading these tables is the tool diameter. A larger end mill will indeed be able to handle a larger chip load.

These concepts can be visually summarized on a graphic, where the feedrate is plotted against the spindle rotational speed, and which helps us to identify 6 different zones.

An end mill is a cutting tool and with time, it will eventually get dull. As it gets worn out, you will need to take it easier and reduce the feedrate to keep a good surface finish. You can also just replace it or resharpen it.

During some milling operations, more than ¼th of your tool’s circumference “touches” the material during the milling. As a result, the end mill can’t cool down properly and tends to overheat easily.

Based on this knowledge, we can now use tables that will allow us to calculate our feeds & speeds and achieve an optimal chip load for any given material.

Let’s define an arbitrary feedrate of 2 000 mm/min. Using the former equation, we find that the spindle has to rotate at 10 000 rpm to achieve the proper chip load:

Chip load, also called “feed per tooth”, is the thickness of material that is fed into each cutting edge as it moves through the work material.

Depth of Cut (DOC): The measurement (normally in inches or millimeters) of how wide and deep the tool cuts into the workpiece. Speed, Feed and ...

Consider the taut string threaded around ring. What is tension in thread? Is it constant? No. It increases when it takes turns around the ring. This tension has some net vertical component. By Newton's third law,there should be some reaction force. This is the normal force pointing in opposite direction to the net vertical tension. If the ring is at rest,these forces cancel out. If we consider dynamics of only ring,then to simplify,we can take force only from that we are applying. By symmetry,we can cancel all the tension force(Assume there is no knot,the windings are completely circular). Hence,it is reasonable to neglect the contact forces.

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Hence, getting your feeds & speeds right simply means finding the sweet spot where your tool is spinning at the perfect speed relative to its moving speed inside the material. That sweet spot can mean different things depending on your goal: achieving the best surface finish, machining your parts the fastest, or maximizing your tool life.

Now let's imagine that your spindle can't run faster than 10 000rpm. We can still increase the feed rate by using a 3-flutes end mill and keep a constant chip load:

Before diving into numbers and values, you need to be aware that the following variables will heavily influence the quality of your cuts and the achievable chip load on the same machine.

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On the other side of the graphic, if you reduce the feed rate too much relative to spindle speed, the flutes of your end mill will start rubbing the material instead of cutting nice chips. This action will make your tool overheat, and thus soften. Its sharp edges will become dull and if you keep cutting with dull edges and you will start to see a very deteriorated surface finish on your material.

As stated earlier in the article, we recommend that you start by setting the actual feedrate of your machine below the value from the table and gradually increase it. In general, you will find that your optimal feeds & speeds will be determined from experience or trial-and-error. For instance, for most materials, you can typically set the spindle speed between 15000-25000rpm and adjust your feed rate to obtain nice results with your machine.

If you are not yet familiar with your machine, we compiled a starter chip load table with lower values. They are intentionally low to help you get confident with the machine no matter the type of engagement, the hardness of your material, etc...

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If you're using end mills that you bought at Mekanika, you can access the pre-parametered feeds and speeds for Fusion360 here on the product pages.

The parameter that links these concepts and that is widely used as a standard metric to determine optimal feeds & speeds is called chip load.

Similarly, we suggest you slowly increase the depth of your cuts while doing these tests. Indeed, excessive depth of cut will result in tool deflection (see this article to understand why that can be problematic).

The harder the piece, the more deflect your end mill will bear. This will cause chatter and vibrations. Be patient when milling hard material and use smaller steps or lower your feedrate.

When a ring is threaded onto a light string, we know it experiences a contact force. Does it also experience tension? In the previous question, I thought - and was told- no, it doesn't. But I ran into a question in which a smooth ring is threaded onto a vertical string, being pulled to one side by a horizontal force. The ring is in equilibrium. If I just consider the forces on the ring here, that no tension idea runs into trouble since the ring will have a net vertical force that way. ( This is only out of interest. The answer to questions like these can be found by simply treating the ring and the bit of string as one body, there is no confusion then)

Let's illustrate this concept and imagine you want to cut plywood with a 6mm 2-flutes end mill. In our case, the recommended chip load for plywood is around 0,1mm/tooth (cf. the Advanced chip load table at the end of this article).

Understanding how feeds and speeds work is critical if you want to improve your CNC skills. It will help you to optimize your machining speeds, to obtain a better surface finish and most importantly to have a longer tool life. Here's an overvie of what this article goes through:

Based on this mathematical relation, we observe that if we want to increase the feed rate to cut that plywood faster, we will have to increase the spindle rotational speed as well to keep a constant chip load :

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