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In quenching, steel is heated above its critical temperature into the austenite range, maintained at this temperature, and then rapidly cooled, typically in water, oil, or molten salt. For hypoeutectoid steels, the heating temperature is set 30-50ºC above the austenite solubility limit. For hypereutectoid steels, the heating temperature is above the eutectoid point. Quenching induces a martensitic transformation, significantly hardening the steel. However, this makes the steel very brittle. To reduce brittleness and alleviate internal stresses, tempering is essential. This involves reheating the quenched steel to a lower temperature to achieve the desired balance of hardness and toughness. You can use an industrial kiln for precise temperature control.

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Hardenable alloy steels are a speciality. Copper, nickel, manganese, boron, and vanadium are added to alloy steels, unlike carbon steels. These additional ingredients are vital to hardening.  They prevent austenite, a high-temperature steel structure, from decomposing. During quenching, martensite, a hard microstructure, forms due to this delay. Second, solid solution hardening strengthens alloy steels. This technique adds fine particles to the steel's matrix, making it harder and less deformable. These mechanisms make alloy steels harden well, making them ideal for demanding applications.

The area of Xiaobei, within the district, has been a significant Muslim community in the area for decades.[7] Xiaobei, which has been nicknamed "Little Africa" and "Chocolate City" due to the number of Sub-Saharan Africans who live and work in the area, hosts a diverse population of Muslims from Central and Northwest China, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Indian subcontinent.[7]

The area would serve as the seat of government for numerous successive administrative divisions, including Lingnan Circuit [zh] and Xingwang Fu (Chinese: 兴王府).[4] It would continue to form part of Panyu County until 1921, when the it merged with Nanhai County to create Yuexiu District, and placed under the jurisdiction of the city of Guangzhou.[4]

Stainless steels are a category of steel distinguished by their exceptional resistance to corrosion and wear. This enhanced durability stems from the inclusion of chromium, a key alloying element, at a concentration between 10% and 20%. Furthermore, stainless steels can be further classified based on their internal structure and the presence of additional elements.

The Mainland China offices of Dairy Farm Group are located at the Guangdong Mechanical Sub-Building[note 2] in the district.[12]

To help better explain the process, we’ve written an ultimate guide on the steel hardening process. We’ll go over internal structures, best techniques for testing and hardening, and even cover the varieties of hardened steel. Let’s get started!

This technique involves deforming the metal at temperatures below its recrystallization point, significantly altering its properties. Cold working enhances yield strength, tensile strength, and hardness while reducing ductility. Strain hardening, a crucial strengthening mechanism, occurs due to the buildup and entanglement of dislocations during plastic deformation. Although approximately 90% of the energy from cold working is released as heat, the rest is retained within the crystal lattice, increasing its internal energy.

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The area came under the control of the People's Republic of China on October 14, 1949.[4] In December 1949, Guangzhou was divided into 28 different districts, with the area of present-day Yuexiu District including Xishan District (Chinese: 西山区), Dexuan District (Chinese: 德宣区), Huifu District (Chinese: 惠福区), Jinghai District (Chinese: 靖海区), Xiaobei District (Chinese: 小北区), Taiping District (Chinese: 太平区), Yonghan District (Chinese: 永汉区), Dongshan District (Chinese: 东山区) Dadong District (Chinese: 大东区), and Qianjian District [zh] (Chinese: 前鉴区).[4] In June 1950, Guangzhou consolidated its 28 districts into 16, resulting in the present-day area being including portions of Huifu District, Taiping District, Yonghan District, and Dadong District.[4] In September 1952, Guangzhou reorganized its urban area into just 6 districts: East District, West District, North District, Central District, Henan District, and Zhujiang District.[4] The former districts which once occupied present-day Yuexiu District were split between Central District, East District, and North District.[4] In July 1960, North District underwent an enlargement, and was renamed to Yuexiu District, while East District was renamed to Dongshan District.[4] In August 1961, five subdistricts from Yuexiu District were transferred to the jurisdiction of Dongshan District.[4] Slight adjustments to the border of Yuexiu District and Dongshan District would continue throughout the 1990s.[4]

The Vickers hardness test utilizes a diamond pyramid with a square base as the indenter. This pyramid is pressed against the material's surface under a specified load for approximately 10-30 seconds. The size of the resulting indentation's diagonals is measured, and the material's hardness is calculated using these measurements.

However, according to archaeological discoveries, it has been confirmed that there were inhabitants settled in Guangzhou region at least three to four thousand years ago.[citation needed] The area of present-day Yuexiu District was once the capital of the Nanyue Kingdom.[4] Thirty-three years after the incorporation of Lingnan into the Qin Empire, Qin Shi Huang forced most of the Yue tribes out of Guangzhou and assimilated the rest.[citation needed] In 111 BCE, the area was reorganized as Panyu County, within the Nanhai Commandery.[4] The area of present-day Yuexiu District served as the capital of both.[4]

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Steel by itself is a strong material, but steel hardening takes it to the next level. This process significantly boosts the metal's strength and durability, making it ideal for demanding applications. Imagine transforming ordinary steel into a dependable material capable of withstanding heavy loads and harsh wear. That's the power of steel hardening, and we have explored the various techniques used to achieve this remarkable transformation.

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Steel hardening can be achieved through several techniques, including thermal, mechanical, chemical, or a combination of these methods. Among these, thermal hardening is the most prevalent. This process typically consists of three main stages: heating, holding, and cooling. In the initial stage, the metal is heated to a high temperature to induce internal structural changes, making it more malleable for reshaping. Before you get started, make sure you get a proper heat treat oven. The various steel hardening methods include:

Due to the notable Muslim population within the Xiaobei neighborhood, the area has attracted a cluster of Halal butchers, restaurants, and various stores.[7]

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This method involves adding an alloying element to the base metal to form a solid solution. When the metal solidifies, the alloy atoms within the crystal lattice increase its hardness. The effectiveness of this process depends on the size difference between the solute and solvent atoms. Larger solute atoms create compressive strain fields, while smaller solute atoms cause tensile strain fields. This distortion of the lattice increases the hardness and strength of the metal.

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In the world of steel microstructures, martensite is the hardest. It forms when steel is rapidly cooled (quenched), trapping carbon atoms within the iron's structure to create a very strong solid solution. The resulting microstructure consists of needle-like crystals, making the steel very hard but also somewhat brittle. Martensite is also significant in iron-carbon and iron-nickel-carbon alloys.

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Case hardening, as its name suggests, is designed to create a durable surface that can withstand wear and friction in applications like crankshafts and bearings. This steel hardening technique typically employs one of three main methods:

Heat treating helps metal fabricators make strong, durable materials. The hardening procedure accurately heats and treats metal  to improve mechanical qualities. Manufacturers control this heat treatment to assure high-quality products.

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Carburizing is a steel hardening process where low-carbon steel is heated to high temperatures (typically 1560°F to 1740°F) in a carbon-rich environment. Carbon atoms diffuse into the steel's surface, creating a high-carbon layer. The steel is then rapidly cooled, resulting in a hard, wear-resistant surface while maintaining a softer, tougher core. This method is commonly used for parts like gears and camshafts that require both strength and durability.

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Hardness is quantified through various index numbers rather than a single unit of measurement. The specific index used to describe a material's hardness depends on the type of hardness test employed. Common methods for measuring hardness include:

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This process modifies the surface composition through the introduction of nitrogen. Initially, the steel is heat-treated to achieve a tempered martensitic structure. It is then exposed to an ammonia atmosphere at approximately 500-550°C for 12-36 hours. This treatment incorporates small alloying elements such as aluminum or chromium, enhancing the formation of finely dispersed nitrides. These nitrides significantly elevate surface hardness and resistance to wear, surpassing the hardness of martensite alone.

Yuexiu District is one of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, China, located west of the Tianhe District and east of the Liwan District. It is the commercial, political and cultural centre of Guangdong[2][better source needed] and noted for its high-quality education.[3][better source needed][needs update] The area has served as a regional administrative center for nearly 2,000 years, and assumed its current boundaries in September 2005.[4] The Guangdong provincial government and the Guangzhou city government are both located in the Yuexiu District. Yuexiu District has 18 subdistricts under its jurisdiction. The total area is 33.8 square kilometres (13.1 sq mi).[5] According to the 2020 Chinese Census, the permanent population of Yuexiu District was 1,038,643.[6]

The Rockwell test measures hardness by using an indenter (either a hard steel ball or a diamond cone) to penetrate the material twice. The first penetration, using a minor load, sets a reference depth. The second penetration, using a major load, measures the additional depth of indentation. The difference in depth determines the Rockwell hardness value, which is read directly from a dial or digital display.

This process entails subjecting steel to a carbon-rich environment at elevated temperatures. This atmosphere is typically created using high-quality coal or dissociated natural gas. Carbon atoms penetrate the metal's subsurface, forming a high-carbon layer. Upon rapid cooling (quenching), this layer transforms into a tough, wear-resistant martensitic surface.

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Yuexiu District starts from Guangzhou Avenue in the east and borders Tianhe District; it faces the Pearl River in the south and faces Haizhu District across the river; it extends to Renmin Road in the west and is adjacent to Liwan District; it reaches the foot of Baiyun Mountain in the north and is adjacent to Baiyun District and Tianhe District.[5] It is the old central city of Guangzhou. The total area of Yuexiu District is 33.8 square kilometers.[5]

This testing method is ideal for evaluating the hardness of very thin materials or those that are prone to fracturing easily. It uses a diamond-tipped indenter shaped like an elongated pyramid to make a small indentation on the surface. By meticulously examining the indentation under a microscope and measuring the length of the long diagonal, the material's hardness is calculated.

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Steel isn't universal; it's versatile because different applications demand different characteristics. The strength, hardness, and flexibility of steel depend on its internal structure, a microscopic arrangement of atoms. As engineers needed tougher materials , they developed processes to harden steel. Raw steel may not be strong enough for a skyscraper or vehicle chassis, but altering its internal structure can dramatically boost its strength and hardness. Steel hardening involves regulated transformations that favor a better internal arrangement. Let's explore steel's interesting microscopic building blocks to comprehend this.

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Tool steels are ideal for making sturdy drills and cutting instruments. Tungsten, cobalt, vanadium, and molybdenum distinguish these steels from others. Cold working, which applies extreme pressure, and steel heat treatment operations like quenching, which rapidly cools the material, give tool steels their outstanding hardness. Tool steels become highly wear-resistant after hardening, making them perfect for demanding industrial applications.

Previously the École Française Internationale de Canton, the French international school of Guangzhou, was located at the GoldArch Riverdale[note 3] development on Ersha Island.[14]

Steel gets its strength from a special ingredient: carbon. Carbon steel is an iron alloy that mixes in up to 2% carbon to create different strengths. Tiny amounts of other elements can also be added for a specific job. Depending on how much carbon is used, there are three main types of carbon steel: low, medium, and high. Each offers a different balance of strength, flexibility, and ease of shaping.

In this test, a predetermined load is applied to the material's surface using a steel or carbide ball of known diameter. The Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) is derived from the diameter of the resulting impression. By measuring both the impression diameter and the ball diameter, the BHN is calculated using a specific formula.

Beginning in the late 1990s and early 2000s, a number of sub-Saharan Africans began to move to Guangzhou, many of whom settled area of Xiaobei,[7] within Yuexiu District. The area had already been inhabited by a number of Muslim internal migrants from Central and Northwest China since the 1980s.[7] Local crackdowns on visa overstays have sporadically taken place since the early 2010s.[7]

Austenitic steel features a tough internal structure, characterized by a face-centered cubic lattice that allows for a high degree of ductility and carbon solubility. This structure is stable at high temperatures, typically between 1333.4°F and 2732°F,making austenite robust and workable under hot conditions.

Pearlite represents the softer side of steel. It forms when steel cools slowly, allowing iron atoms to settle into a layered pattern of ferrite (iron) and cementite (iron carbide). This combination results in a material that is strong yet bendable, suitable for applications requiring flexibility.

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Yuexiu has administrative jurisdiction over 18 subdistricts (Chinese: 街道; pinyin: jiēdào), which then in turn administer 222 residential communities (Chinese: 社区; pinyin: shèqū).[5]