Other headstock and spindle considerations to be aware of: does the headstock allow outboarding? While pieces are intended to be mounted between the headstock and tailstock, over the bed of the lathe, outboarding allows the workpiece to be mounted away from the body of the piece.

What is high speed steelmade of

The specifications you’ll need for those components is determined by the general intended purpose for your lathe, and the dimensions of the pieces you’ll be working on.

What is high speed steelused for

While this sounds complicated, just now that it is the carriage and cross-slide which determine the number of axis on which your lathe can move, whether that be two, three, or four. The size of the turret, and the number of heads which it can hold, is determined by the size of the piece you want to turn. Larger workpieces require larger cutting heads, which in turn require larger turrets.

Samuel Osborn Brand Name       AISI      BS4659* Double Mushet ND                           T1           BT1 Triple Mushet GZ                               T4           BT4 Mushet MKK                                       M2          BM2 Mushet Special VG                           M15        BM15 *(introduced in 1971)

Tailstock – On many new lathes, the tailstock is an optional feature. Its purpose is a simple one – it holds the far end of the workpiece. While a tailstock may not be necessary for smaller pieces, for larger parts a tailstock is crucial. Using a tailstock reduces flex in the workpiece; too much flex can give a finished piece an undesirable warp or curve. If you’re going to be handling larger pieces, purchasing a tailstock from the beginning is a smart choice.

These factors influence the complexity of the lathe you’ll need. A fully CNC-equipped lathe able to handle industrial-sized pieces along four axis, with multiple heads for turning, drilling and cutting, is vastly different from a simple, two-axis lathe for turning furniture.

High speed steelproperties and uses

thank you for these valuable information but sorry what about using the high speed steel in punch dies of aerospace applications ?

With a high hardness (up to 70HRc) and superior hot hardness tools made from M42 tools give excellent cutting performance in service.

High speed steelhardness

T1 was one of the first mass produced high speed steels. It was developed and made from 1910 and at that time patented by Crucible Steel Co, New Jersey, USA. The tungsten molybdenum high speed steel M2 was invented by W Breelor in the USA in 1937.

Weight – Be aware that like many pieces of machinery, lathes can be quite heavy. The sizing as given is not the dimension of the lathe itself, but rather of the workpiece which can be accommodated; the lathe will be significantly larger. A 3” x 15” lathe can easily weigh more than 30 kg; a lathe double that size would weigh far more, and require an engine lift or small crane to move into place.

If you’re looking for a lathe, then you’re probably already acquainted with the basics of what a lathe is, what it does, and the various uses it has for professionals and hobbyists alike. But if you don’t know much about lathes, rest easy! We’ll start with a basic history of the lathe, give some general information on what a lathe does, then move on to provide more guidelines on how to pick a lathe for a given project.

Lathe bed – The bed of the lathe is a simpler decision. There are two basic options; the British flat bed, or the American-preferred v-bed. The two kinds are self-explanatory, and each of the designs have their proponents. For smaller lathes (and correspondingly smaller workpieces), it rarely makes much difference to the performance of the lathe.

High speed steelproperties

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Note that there are extra options with chucks also; most chucks are jawed, which are the movable parts tightened or loosened to fit the workpiece. Typical jaw arrangement is three or four jaws on each chuck, but some chucks have many more. The jaws may be tightened together, or moved independently to help hold odd-shaped pieces.

If you’re considering buying a lathe, you first need to picture the primary project or projects you’ll be using the lathe for. With the project in mind, here are some questions to ask which will guide your choice of a lathe.

In subsequent years many new high speed steel grades were developed. In the UK a number of special steel producers (predominantly in Sheffield) manufactured numerous High Speed Steel, as well as Tool Steel specifications. It was commonplace at this time for each manufacturer to give each grade a unique company steel brand name. Samuel Osborn & Company were a good example of this, proud to use the name of Mushet in their high speed steel grades, for example;

In the UK, the first number is expressed differently; as the measure between the center of the chuck, so in theory the center of any workpiece, and the closest point of the bed of the lathe. An 8 by 24 lathe in the US would therefore be a 4 by 24 lathe in the UK.

On larger, more industrial-oriented lathes, beds can also be rounded, and slant-bed lathes are increasingly common on fully-automated CNC lathes in industrial applications.

This may sound confusing; suffice it to say, that the more axis of movement a lathe has, the more complicated, expensive, and industrial it is likely to be.

Size – In the US, you’ll find lathes described as “8 in. by 24 in.” lathes. The latter number refers to the distance between centers (i.e., the headstock and tailstock), or the longest piece of material that lathe can handle. The first number, in the US, pertains to the maximum diameter a workpiece can have and still be above the lathe bed. This is also known as the “swing” of the lathe.

Power – One of the last things you’ll need to consider when buying a new lathe is the motor. While some lathes operate at a single speed, many will have multiple speed settings. There is also the matter of torque to consider.

Lathes, in their earliest form, were a two-man, manually operated machine. Of course, that early form was over three millennia ago in ancient Egypt, so things were understandably a bit more old-school.

With its tungsten molybdenum composition M2 high speed steel offers high wear resistance after hardening. With better toughness and good cutting powers it has now replaced T1 as the most popular grade of high speed steel. Nowadays T1 is rarely produced or stocked in the UK.

Chemical composition for high speed steel grades combine some or all alloying elements of carbon, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten and cobalt. Grades with a carbon, vanadium and tungsten combination can offer supreme wear resistance. Cobalt grades offer improved hot hardness and tempering resistance, but lowers toughness.

For cutting larger pieces, your lathe will need more than just high RPMs; it will need the power to keep a heavy workpiece turning and cutting smoothly. Advertisers may proudly proclaim maximum RPMs for their lathes; but minimum RPMs can be even more important for operations such as screwcutting.

Axis – Lathes have at least two axis of movement: an X axis (forward/backward along the cross-slide), and Y (perpendicular to the X axis). However, a high-end CNC lathe may have as many as 7 axis, from X, Y, and Z (three-dimensional movement) to rotating axis. So, axis X may have additional axis of movement A, which is a rotational along the X axis.

Thanks to a lathe’s design, shaping a workpiece on a lathe is known as “turning” a piece. Nearly any kind of material can be worked on a lathe, though metal and wood are the most common ones.

Even the early lathes possessed the key feature of all lathes, from then till now; unlike other machine tools, in a lathe, the item being cut or shaped (the “workpiece”) is the thing that turns, not the cutting instrument. A lathe is the reverse of a drill; rather than a spinning cutting bit biting into a surrounding piece of wood or metal, a spinning piece of metal is shaped by a stationary cutting head.

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High speed steel specifications are commonly used for tool bits (add link), cutting tools, taps, drills, cutters and bandsaw blades. With their high hardness and high abrasion resistance high speed steels are often used in tooling applications for components such as punches and dies.

Lathes started as fairly primitive tools, but took a giant leap forward during the Industrial Revolution. Steam engines provided more powerful lathes; electricity would develop lathes even further. In the 1950s, servomotors added elements of control to the turning process, and today’s lathes are fully integrated with Computer Numerical Control (CNC), allowing them to be fully automated.

What is high speed steelprice

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High speed steelgrades

High Speed Steel specifications have been developed over many years primarily for use in high speed cutting applications, but also for the production of tools and dies. The characteristics vary with each grade, but common properties include high resistance to wear and excellent toughness. High speed steel grades also have a high resistance to softening at elevated temperatures up to 500°C, this makes them perfect for use at high speeds, hence the name.

In 1868 Robert Mushet invented a self-hardening/air hardening steel known as Mushet Steel or R Mushets Special Steel. This was the first known special steel which when forged and cooled acquired a degree of hardness. It was extensively used for engineering tools and at the time was patented and its chemical composition kept a secret. We now know that an 8% tungsten content was key to the steels characteristics. In 1870 Samuel Osborn & Company of Sheffield, UK purchased the rights to manufacture the steel for mass production.

Along the way, craftsmen explored what could be done with a lathe. Lathes allow material to be removed to create rounded shapes; everything from metal shafts to wooden chair legs can be shaped out of irregular pieces using a lathe. Today, you’ll find lathes everywhere from fine woodworking shops to cutting-edge factory floors, serving different purposes but using the same principle; a spinning workpiece with a stationary cutting head.

High speed steelcutting tools

Carriage, cross-slide, and turret – These are the “business parts” of the lathe. The carriage is a set of bars, often two or three, running the length of the lathe. The cross-slide rests on the carriage, and holds the turret. The turret, in turn, houses the different cutting and boring tools to be used on the part.

Headstock with spindle – Found on the left-hand side of the lathe, the headstock holds the spindle in place, usually with bearings. Usually with a motor and pulley, the headstock also provides the power to rotate the spindle and part, The size of the spindle varies, typically from ½ inch to 1 ½ inches in diameter.

Standard heat treatment for M42 is to 66-68HRc; when maximum hardness is required the hardening temperature should be increased to 1200°/1210°C and tempering should be for four separate two hour periods at 520°/530°C. A hardness of 68-70HRc should be achieved.

Chuck – The chuck is the specialized clamp to hold a cylinder. The chuck holds the workpiece, and most lathes can secure workpieces between 5 and 66 inches. Many chucks also have a through-hole, allowing long pieces to extend through the chuck and out behind the lathe. Use the same decision-making process with a chuck as with the headstock; what size do you need based on the pieces you’re likely to be working?

The numerous brand names given to tool and high speed steels was confusing for buyers at the time. In 1971 the British Standards Institution drew up new standards for all the main types of tool and high speed steels used in the UK, known as BS4659. Overtime the range of high speed steel being produced has reduced. Currently the most popular grades are M2, M35 and M42 which are available in round bar, flat bar and plate.

When it comes to the parts you’ll be putting into the lathe, there are more factors. Basic components of a lathe consist, generally, of the following:

The size of the spindle determines how big of a workpiece you can turn on your lathe. A one-inch spindle may be enough for smaller work, but for a spindle that’s sturdy enough to accommodate larger pieces without flexing, you’ll often need at least an inch-and-a-quarter spindle.

With heat treatment these steels can achieve a high Rockwell hardness, for example, M2 high speed steel is commonly hardened to 64HRc, whereas M42 can be hardened up to 70HRc, though commonly hardened to 66-68HRc.

This greatly increases the diameter of the pieces that can be turned. It’s not an ideal fix; there are good reasons why pieces are typically mounted over the bed of the lathe, where the tool turret is located and the tailstock helps to support the workpiece. Regardless, when you purchase a lathe, consider the size of the headstock and spindle, and the different positions the headstock allows. Some headstocks can actually be rotated, allowing outboarding more easily.

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Buying a lathe is a bit of a complicated process, but you’ll be helped immensely if you keep the project in mind as you shop. What are you intending to use the lathe for? With that project as the determining factor, the necessary complexity of the lathe and any size or weight restrictions will become apparent. You’ll be able to make a much more informed decision if you keep the needs of your project foremost.

Most hobbyists and craftsmen working on smaller pieces will find that a 3” x 15” lathe is typically as small as one should go, while about double that size, 6” x 30”, forms the upper end of what a home lathe can be.

At the turn of the nineteenth century American, Frederic Taylor and Brit, Maunsel White, working in America at the Bethlehem Steel Company in Pennsylvania, did numerous tests and experiments on Mushet Steel to understand more about its characteristics. During these experiments they discovered that adding a 3.8% chromium to the 8% tungsten steel enabled it be quenched and tempered at a high temperature (close to the melting point of steel). In service it could work at much faster speeds than Mushet Steel and the name given to this was High Speed Steel.