Measure the location of the hole. If possible, mark exactly where the hole needs to be drilled. Choose the drill size appropriate to the material being drilled ...

Quenchingvs annealing

If you have ever been to a real blacksmith’s forge or watched one of the popular metal-working reality TV shows, you likely have seen the professionals using quenching heat treatments such as oil quenching. It differs from other common steel heat treatment processes such as case hardening, tempering steel and precipitation hardening and it can be quite dramatic, with steam rising from the cauldron of whatever medium the metalsmith prefers for just the right effect. But for those not used to working with red-hot pieces of metal, the whole process can be a little mysterious. Let’s take a closer look at the concepts behind quenching metal and why one might choose one medium over another.

Note:  These cutting feeds and speeds charts work with Accupro, Niagara, Data Flute, SPETool and all end mill brands.  We will have all of Harvey Tool speeds and feed charts loaded soon.

Quenchingprocess

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Quenchingprocess in heat treatment

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Metal goes through a complicated set of states as it has been heated and begins to cool. At various parts of the process it can be brittle and need tempering in oil, lead baths or salts. In order to control the finish product’s brittleness, ability to withstand tensile stress and overall strength, the metalworker must carefully control which states the metal reaches and how quickly. A misstep in any part of the process could lead to unsuitable steel.

What isquenchingin chemistry

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Types ofquenching

The basic method for quenching steel or metal is to plunge the metal into some sort of liquid or, in other cases, forced air. There often will be a large burst of steam as the red-hot metal hits the surface of the room-temperature liquid. In fact, the steam plays a role in whether the smith has to stir the metal around in the liquid to prevent pockets of moist air.

Of course, the use of the metal is of particular importance. The blade of a weapon requires an entirely different approach than metal that will be used as bolts on a shipping container, for example. The quenching procedure allows for variations in control that yields the right metal product that the metalsmith is looking for.

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Quenchingtemperature

Many metalworkers chose alternate media such as oils, polymers or salt water. In some cases, air convection is used. Each of the options comes with a specific quenching speed or rate. The slower the metal cools, the higher the chance of changes to the microstructure. Water’s quench rate, for example, is much faster than that of mineral or cottonseed oil.

The speeds and feeds formulas are in the bottom of the charts below.  If you follow these guidelines, you will have a much greater success rate in part programming, and you will be milling more efficiently.

Quenching is a technique used by metalworkers or metal heat treatment companies after they have treated steel at very high heat. They may have been annealing it, stress relieving it or normalizing it. If the pro doesn’t bring the metal back to room temperature quickly, the microstructure of the metal might change, which will compromise its strength. Annealing also involves a gradual cooling of the metal, but steel quenching is much faster, which could be beneficial, depending on the circumstances.

Quenchingand tempering

The most important aspect of milling with end mills is to run the tool at the proper RPM (revolutions per minute or spindle speed)  and IPM (inches per minute or feed rate).  We have broken these recommendations down into material categories so you can make better decisions with how to productively run your end mills.  Certain high performance mills have very specific running parameters relative to their material families.  We have listed these also as individual recommendations by coating family.  These documents are downloadable in pdf formats by clicking the links below.

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Quenchingoil

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We have created an excellent speeds and feeds calculator which incorporates these charts into the calculations.  It generates ranges of SFM or SMM and allows you to decide what SFM is appropriate.  It then automatically calculates the RPM.  Then it gives you a range for FPT and allows you to decide what is appropriate.  Then it automatically calculates the IPM or millimeters per minute (MMPM).  Try it out!  It is easy to understand.

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There are a lot of different types of quenching liquids, and each has its particular uses. Water is an effective and simple option, but it also has some significant drawbacks. It cools metal very quickly and helps it reach its maximum level of hardness. However, it can also lead to cracking or distortion of the steel, compromising its utility and potentially rendering it useless.

In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes through sintering for use in industrial machinery, ...

When choosing the right cutting parameters to run, most people focus on the speed  which relates to the machine RPM.  This is a mistake!  Focus on on the proper feed per tooth (FPT) first, and then adjust the speed.  Often when a part is programmed, and is being proven out for production, the programmer will choose conservative parameters and encounter chatter.  Chatter is nothing more that part vibration or noise, because the tool is not cutting properly.  Usually, the first response is to slow the RPM and the chatter will go away.  This often works, but this is unproductive.  What has just happened is that by reducing the speed and keeping the feed constant, the FPT has increased.  And most likely the FPT before was too low in the first place and that was what caused the chatter.

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