Tungaloy AddDoFeed small-diameter, high-feed mills suitable for small-part

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machining - what is a cermet insert tungalloy

Enlarging a hole that already has been drilled or cored. Generally, it is an operation of truing the previously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring is essentially internal turning, in that usually a single-point cutting tool forms the internal shape. Some tools are available with two cutting edges to balance cutting forces.

Using a shaper primarily to produce flat surfaces in horizontal, vertical or angular planes. It can also include the machining of curved surfaces, helixes, serrations and special work involving odd and irregular shapes. Often used for prototype or short-run manufacturing to eliminate the need for expensive special tooling or processes.

Machining operation in which metal or other material is removed by applying power to a rotating cutter. In vertical milling, the cutting tool is mounted vertically on the spindle. In horizontal milling, the cutting tool is mounted horizontally, either directly on the spindle or on an arbor. Horizontal milling is further broken down into conventional milling, where the cutter rotates opposite the direction of feed, or “up” into the workpiece; and climb milling, where the cutter rotates in the direction of feed, or “down” into the workpiece. Milling operations include plane or surface milling, endmilling, facemilling, angle milling, form milling and profiling.

The dimensions (in inches) for when a chip breaks out of a cross-hole and when it starts to touch the other side of the hole, along with a selection of chips produced when broaching blind keyways. Image courtesy of Muthig Industries.

Resharpening inserts doesn’t suit everyone. Odekirk said Muthig Industries doesn’t resharpen its inserts, which average about 250 keyways per edge, because resharpening changes an insert’s dimensions and makes it nonstandard. “Then you have to either cut, measure and recut to get a good part or retouch the tool off every time you change it,” he added. “I don’t like to live in that world, which is why we also do not sharpen endmill diameters.”

In addition, he noted that users of ceramic inserts in these cases aren’t limited by the form on a grinding wheel. Instead, they can program different cutting profiles to meet different requirements.

Flexible-sided device that secures a tool or workpiece. Similar in function to a chuck, but can accommodate only a narrow size range. Typically provides greater gripping force and precision than a chuck. See chuck.

That mentality can quickly change, however, after a shop outsources, say, a couple hundred parts that need blind keyways to be EDMed at $25 a part and receives the parts with incorrect keyways 2 or 3 weeks later. “If you can blind-keyway broach in your own house, you’re saving money, time and the chance that somebody won’t scrap your parts,” Gardner said. “How do you beat that?”

Cutting tool materials based on aluminum oxide and silicon nitride. Ceramic tools can withstand higher cutting speeds than cemented carbide tools when machining hardened steels, cast irons and high-temperature alloys.

Machining, normally milling, that creates slots, grooves and similar recesses in workpieces, including T-slots and dovetails.

Uncoated inserts are acceptable for some applications, such as when broaching aluminum, but Sanieski recommends recoating inserts when cutting materials such as stainless steel and other challenging-to-machine materials.

That’s according to Kevin Sanieski, CNC tooling system lead for The duMONT Co. LLC, Greenfield, Mass. One effective method is to use broaches that accept inserts, and the toolmaker offers those in its Minute Man line for application on CNC lathes and machining centers.

Machine designed specifically to run broaching tools. It is typically designated by operating characteristics (pull, push, rotary, continuous, blind-spline), type of power used (hydraulic, mechanical) and tonnage ratings. Broaching is also performed on arbor presses (manual and powered).

Microprocessor-based controller dedicated to a machine tool that permits the creation or modification of parts. Programmed numerical control activates the machine’s servos and spindle drives and controls the various machining operations. See DNC, direct numerical control; NC, numerical control.

“You can basically run them in any lathe or milling machine,” Sanieski said. “Obviously, the bigger and more rigid the machine, the better the tools will operate.”

“Speed is your friend” when broaching, Gardner added, but many users are afraid of hurting their CNC machines when applying the tools. Depending on the workpiece material, “I have to constantly remind them that they’re only taking a 0.001" depth of cut,” he said. “It’s just a very light shave. There is virtually no force involved. You could push that through with your hand.”

Runs endmills and arbor-mounted milling cutters. Features include a head with a spindle that drives the cutters; a column, knee and table that provide motion in the three Cartesian axes; and a base that supports the components and houses the cutting-fluid pump and reservoir. The work is mounted on the table and fed into the rotating cutter or endmill to accomplish the milling steps; vertical milling machines also feed endmills into the work by means of a spindle-mounted quill. Models range from small manual machines to big bed-type and duplex mills. All take one of three basic forms: vertical, horizontal or convertible horizontal/vertical. Vertical machines may be knee-type (the table is mounted on a knee that can be elevated) or bed-type (the table is securely supported and only moves horizontally). In general, horizontal machines are bigger and more powerful, while vertical machines are lighter but more versatile and easier to set up and operate.

In recent years, Bidemics has become popular with makers of larger aerospace engines, Howard said. But he added that some shops find the performance boost offered by the material a bit unsettling.

The challenge when applying this type of tool is that if a user cuts a blind keyway, simply retracts the tool from the cut and then continues to broach, the chips continue to build up at the bottom of the keyway and the insert inevitably becomes damaged, Sanieski explained. Therefore, the company provides a CNC program with its keyway broaching system that promotes continuous tool movement and cutting while eliminating the need to manually clear chips.

The main advantage of ceramic tools is the effectiveness with which they handle the heat generated by the cutting process.

For shops that resharpen their inserts in-house, duMONT offers an accessory called a sharpening stem. It holds an insert at the correct angle—the angle of the face originally ground into the insert. “You just screw the insert onto the end [of the stem] and buzz it with a grinding wheel,” Sanieski said.

“Stainless steel is an area that a lot of people never think of ceramic for,” he said. “It’s got to be hard, though — above, say, 32 to 35 Rockwell — because we’re going so fast and (therefore) cut so hot.” If the steel is below that hardness level, “you will melt it and light it on fire.”

For example, Muthig Industries applies broaches from CNC Broach at 550 ipm (13.97 m/min.) when producing blind keyways in parts made of relatively soft cold-rolled steel. (See sidebar below).

Even if shops aren’t put off by the higher cost of ceramic tools, shops may be unable to make proper use of the tools because their equipment can’t match the speeds for which ceramic tools have the capacity. Or shops actually may be afraid to reach those speeds.

Odekirk said the crashes, the first of which happened a day or two after production began, didn’t damage the main spindle on the company’s Doosan 2600SY lathe, but they did permanently damage three tool bodies when the insert popped out. After each "full, hard crash," the machine was out of alignment, which required half a day to correct, he added.

The amount of heat produced during the cutting process is a function of the cutting speed and the material being machined. So the ability of ceramics to conduct heat away from the cutting edge means that ceramic tools can run much faster than those made of carbide, CBN or PCD when cutting most materials, Howard said. He noted that while carbide tools cut heat-resistant alloys at 125 sfm, for example, ceramic tools can cut them at anywhere from 800 to 1,500 sfm.

“We found a way to fuse carbide and ceramic together without a cobalt binder,” Howard explained. “The carbide is introduced into the ceramic in kind of a spiderweb fashion. When heat hits the cutting edge, it runs down those little carbide trails and disperses more efficiently.”

2-D or 3-D path generated by program code or a CAM system and followed by tool when machining a part.

Nonetheless, Gardner pointed out that even though the operation involves taking a light DOC, it’s essentially a “controlled crash. You’re blasting the tool in there. Broaching is a very shocking operation.”

Information about these applications usually falls into the category of what people in the machining industry don’t know about ceramic cutting tools. Equally frustrating for the firms that sell these tools, however, is what many people think they know based on outdated information.

Whichever approach is most economical, Gardner emphasized the need to make a mental leap when it comes to broaching on CNC lathes and mills. “People have this whole backwards notion about broaching on a CNC machine,” he said. “They just can’t visualize a different way of doing it, so they have a resistance to doing it on their lathe or mill.”

CNC Broach Tool offers indexable-insert tools for broaching blind keyways. The tools have setscrews on the side, but the inserts are open face. Image courtesy of CNC Broach Tool.

Milling cutter held by its shank that cuts on its periphery and, if so configured, on its free end. Takes a variety of shapes (single- and double-end, roughing, ballnose and cup-end) and sizes (stub, medium, long and extra-long). Also comes with differing numbers of flutes.

Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion. There is no absolute scale for hardness. In order to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale, which defines hardness. Indentation hardness obtained through static methods is measured by Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers and Knoop tests. Hardness without indentation is measured by a dynamic method, known as the Scleroscope test.

“When they invented this stuff, tooling people loved it because it just carves up cutting tools,” he said. “And the cost justification wasn’t there to go to CBN or PCD because it wears that stuff out too.”

John Gardner, owner of CNC Broach Tool LLC, Marina Del Rey, Calif., agreed that users can ramp, or taper, an indexable-insert broach out of a blind keyway when broaching it, but maintains that the programming required to do so is difficult to perform. In addition, the design of the broaching tool CNC Broach Tool offers isn’t well-suited for ramping out of the cut.

In addition, he noted that ceramic tools are more expensive than their carbide counterparts. When it comes to tools with inserts, he said this is because ceramic inserts require a good deal of grinding while carbide inserts are easily mass-produced.

Machining of a flat, angled or contoured surface by passing a workpiece beneath a grinding wheel in a plane parallel to the grinding wheel spindle. See grinding.

Ron Odekirk, production manager for Muthig Industries Inc., Fond du Lac, Wis., a parts manufacturer that applies tools from CNC Broach to broach blind keyways, described the toolpath as rectangular, and said the tool is fully withdrawn from the workpiece when it retracts from the hole after each cut.

A relatively new entry in the ceramic tool market from Greenleaf is its Xsytin-360 line of solid-ceramic endmills. Launched last year, Xsytin-360 endmills come in standard diameters down to 3/8", so they can cut much smaller features than indexable tooling.

Fluid that reduces temperature buildup at the tool/workpiece interface during machining. Normally takes the form of a liquid such as soluble or chemical mixtures (semisynthetic, synthetic) but can be pressurized air or other gas. Because of water’s ability to absorb great quantities of heat, it is widely used as a coolant and vehicle for various cutting compounds, with the water-to-compound ratio varying with the machining task. See cutting fluid; semisynthetic cutting fluid; soluble-oil cutting fluid; synthetic cutting fluid.

The insert was relatively fresh, with its coating still intact, so Odekirk said he examined the coolant line. Coolant was flowing through an ER32 collet, but spraying along the length of the tool without a clearly defined coolant jet directed at the chip. The company changed the coolant line so the flow was directed at the tool/workpiece interface and not just spraying everywhere. “Before, it was like cutting underwater,” he said.

Odekirk said he learned about the benefits of CNC Broach Tool’s broaches online and, after watching a demonstration video, determined “if they can do it, we can do it; we just need to get a broach in here and figure it out.”

“That material is both abrasive and creates heat, and those are the things that wear out tools the fastest,” he said. So for this application, “people will go from carbide straight to CBN, and the cost difference between those two is astronomical.”

Machining operation in which material is removed from the workpiece by a powered abrasive wheel, stone, belt, paste, sheet, compound, slurry, etc. Takes various forms: surface grinding (creates flat and/or squared surfaces); cylindrical grinding (for external cylindrical and tapered shapes, fillets, undercuts, etc.); centerless grinding; chamfering; thread and form grinding; tool and cutter grinding; offhand grinding; lapping and polishing (grinding with extremely fine grits to create ultrasmooth surfaces); honing; and disc grinding.

“So people say they’re going to go really, really slow and change tools a lot,” Howard said. “But when we get a few brave people that let us play with ceramic, they go, ‘Oh, my God, I never knew I could do this.’”

A ceramic endmill removes material much more quickly than an electrode, he said, and use of an endmill should slash the number of electrodes needed for the overall process, as well as the time spent creating them.

Crystal manufactured from boron nitride under high pressure and temperature. Used to cut hard-to-machine ferrous and nickel-base materials up to 70 HRC. Second hardest material after diamond. See superabrasive tools.

Being able to broach a blind keyway while keeping the part on the same CNC machine tool used to perform the other machining operations provides a significant improvement in setup, reliability and accuracy, compared to moving the part to a dedicated broaching machine.

The duMONT Minute Man tooling system allows users to broach through and blind keyways, keyways in a tapered bore and shaped or splined holes. Image courtesy of duMONT.

While the vast majority of indexable inserts are disposed of or recycled once they are worn, Sanieski said duMONT’s broaching inserts, which contain 13 percent cobalt and are heat-treated to a hardness greater than 68 HRC, can be resharpened up to five times, depending on insert condition and, therefore, how much material must be ground off.

Tangential velocity on the surface of the tool or workpiece at the cutting interface. The formula for cutting speed (sfm) is tool diameter 5 0.26 5 spindle speed (rpm). The formula for feed per tooth (fpt) is table feed (ipm)/number of flutes/spindle speed (rpm). The formula for spindle speed (rpm) is cutting speed (sfm) 5 3.82/tool diameter. The formula for table feed (ipm) is feed per tooth (ftp) 5 number of tool flutes 5 spindle speed (rpm).

With those corrective measures in place, Odekirk said Muthig Industries continues to apply the broaches from CNC Broach Tools to produce crank adapters and has not experienced any crashes or other issues. “We are definitely familiar and comfortable with the technology and the manufacturer.”

Gardner compares blind-keyway broaching with an indexable-insert tool on a CNC machine to chopping down a tree with an ax. “If you swing the ax really slowly, the ax bounces off of the tree, but if you swing it fast, the ax bites and cuts,” he said.

When people tell Howard that they tried ceramic tools for a particular application and it didn’t work, he asks when they tried ceramics. Sometimes, it turns out that the failed ceramics experiment wasn’t even in this century. So he tells these people, “Well, we’ve invented a few things in the last 20-some years.”

Muthig began single-point shaping with CNC Broach indexable-insert broaches after it quoted producing the crank adapters complete in the lathe without manually loading parts into the machine. “We load bar stock into a machine and out comes a finished part that’s ready for packaging and shipping,” Odekirk said, adding that the job involves annually producing 40,000 to 60,000 of each adapter.

Another invention of late that may interest shops that haven’t tried ceramic tools in a long time is a patented material called Bidemics. Howard describes Bidemics as an advanced ceramic designed to conduct more heat away from the cutting edge.

Depending on the amount of material needed to make an insert, ceramic inserts could be anywhere from 1.5 to four times more expensive than inserts made of more commonly used materials, said Martin Dillaman, global manager of engineering and applications at Greenleaf Corp. in Saegertown, Pennsylvania. Dillaman added that solid-ceramic tools probably cost two to four times as much as their counterparts made of more widely used materials. He added, however, that the higher cost of ceramic tools can be justified by savings in cutting time and throughput increases at shops that use them.

In addition, Odekirk explained that he examined where the broach was stopping within the cross-hole and determined that a chip breaks out of the hole at 1.9096" (48.5038mm) of the cut length and starts to touch the other side of the hole at 2.1504" (54.6202mm). “So we were stopping about 0.1" past the end of the cutting stroke. I said I’m only going to stop 0.04" past and see if that corrects the issue, because the chips were packing the backside of the hole.”

Dimension that defines the exterior diameter of a cylindrical or round part. See ID, inner diameter.

To achieve the most-effective cutting speed, Gardner suggests holding the broach body in an ER collet with the backstop held directly in a CAT 40 or 50 spindle. He recommends to never hold the shank of the ER collet in a VDI boring bar sleeve to avoid generating taper in the ceiling of the keyway.

Operation in which a cutter progressively enlarges a slot or hole or shapes a workpiece exterior. Low teeth start the cut, intermediate teeth remove the majority of the material and high teeth finish the task. Broaching can be a one-step operation, as opposed to milling and slotting, which require repeated passes. Typically, however, broaching also involves multiple passes.

Howard also noted that ceramic tools are a good choice for cutting compacted graphite iron, which he described as a fairly new type of cast iron that’s very dense and strong. Today, he said, CGI is used to make many diesel engines because it allows manufacturers to use a smaller engine block that can take more compression.

Alan holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Including his 20 years at CTE, Alan has more than 30 years of trade journalism experience.

Tapered tool, with a series of teeth of increasing length, that is pushed or pulled into a workpiece, successively removing small amounts of metal to enlarge a hole, slot or other opening to final size.

To try and prevent further crashes, Odekirk consulted with CNC Broach Tool’s John Gardner, who recommended a larger cross-hole for the relief, but the customer didn’t want any revisions to the part design. “They said, ‘We’ll manufacture them ourselves if you guys can’t figure it out,’” Odekirk said. “We said, ‘We’ll figure it out, no problem whatsoever.’”

Because they do a better job of transferring heat away from the cutting edge, Bidemics inserts can run even faster than typical ceramic cutters — close to 1,600 sfm, Howard said. He added that efficient heat transfer also lengthens the life of cutting edges.

Engagement of a tool’s cutting edge with a workpiece generates a cutting force. Such a cutting force combines tangential, feed and radial forces, which can be measured by a dynamometer. Of the three cutting force components, tangential force is the greatest. Tangential force generates torque and accounts for more than 95 percent of the machining power. See dynamometer.

“You may still have to do some finish work with an electrode, but the amount of electrodes consumed should be much reduced,” he said.

“The big thing with ceramic is it conducts heat better than anything else,” said Steven Howard, marketing and engineering manager at NTK Cutting Tools USA in Wixom, Michigan.

The OEM, which had been producing the adapters in-house, turned the parts in a lathe and then moved them to a vertical machining center for broaching, he noted.

“If somebody is cutting heat-resistant alloy at 125 sfm, and you bring in this new product that can do 1,600 sfm, it’s kind of like taking somebody from a horse to a rocket ship,” he said. So sometimes “the (reaction) is, ‘There’s no way I’m doing that.’”

Inserts from CNC Broach, which come coated with TiN, can also be resharpened, sometimes up to nine times, and most of its customers do not recoat them after resharpening, Gardner said. “I feel the coating helps get maybe two extra keyways per cutting edge, but with our product you’re already getting 100 to 200 keyways per cutting edge.”

Sanieski added that the broaching system is not only suitable for generating keyways but also splines, squares, hexes and other internal and external features. “Anything you can think of, we can match a profile.”

Cutting tool material consisting of natural or synthetic diamond crystals bonded together under high pressure at elevated temperatures. PCD is available as a tip brazed to a carbide insert carrier. Used for machining nonferrous alloys and nonmetallic materials at high cutting speeds.

When cutting with common tool materials, such as carbide, CBN and PCD, heat is not conducted away from the cutting edge, which eventually breaks down as a result, Howard explained. By contrast, he said, ceramics do a good job of transferring heat away from the cutting edge, thereby extending its life and the life of the tool as a whole.

When the tool comes out of the hole, the insert shouldn’t touch any metal, Odekirk said, noting the rectangular toolpaths get wider and wider as the broach progresses and makes the keyway deeper and deeper.

Wheel formed from abrasive material mixed in a suitable matrix. Takes a variety of shapes but falls into two basic categories: one that cuts on its periphery, as in reciprocating grinding, and one that cuts on its side or face, as in tool and cutter grinding.

Essentially a cantilever beam that holds one or more cutting tools in position during a boring operation. Can be held stationary and moved axially while the workpiece revolves around it, or revolved and moved axially while the workpiece is held stationary, or a combination of these actions. Installed on milling, drilling and boring machines, as well as lathes and machining centers.

Space provided behind the cutting edges to prevent rubbing. Sometimes called primary relief. Secondary relief provides additional space behind primary relief. Relief on end teeth is axial relief; relief on side teeth is peripheral relief.

“Traditionally, you have to use an electrode to burn material out of a hardened workpiece,” he said. “With our solid-ceramic endmills, (you can) use the endmill to remove the bulk of that material instead of having to create an electrode to remove the full amount of material.”

“Some customers were using OD grinding or surface grinding for hardened materials just because that’s the traditional method that has been used,” Dillaman said. “But with ceramic inserts, you can remove large amounts of material much quicker than you could in a grinding application.”

Gardner suggested that maybe a chip was sticking to the end of the insert, causing the insert to pop out. Odekirk thought that scenario would be difficult to verify, but, sure enough, one day he was watching the machine when broaching suddenly stopped. “And there it is; I’m looking at this chip stuck to the end of the insert,” Odekirk said. “Any time you get material welding to your cutting tool, you have a problem. It significantly increases the cutting load.”

Substances having metallic properties and being composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal.

CNC machine tool capable of drilling, reaming, tapping, milling and boring. Normally comes with an automatic toolchanger. See automatic toolchanger.

When blind-keyway broaching, CNC Broach Tool recommends creating a relief area in the part to push chips into and prevent chip packing. The types include cross-hole (top), groove (middle) and notch (bottom). Images courtesy of CNC Broach Tool.

When it comes to ceramic cutting tools, don’t believe the old saying, “What you don’t know can’t hurt you.” A lack of knowledge about ceramic cutters can put a big hurt on shop productivity. What’s more, even shops that are somewhat informed about ceramic cutting tools often aren’t getting the most out of the tools because they are unaware of lesser-known applications that are a good fit for ceramic machining, let alone recent developments that make the ceramic option more attractive than ever.

“Specifically, in the blind-keyway situation, you didn’t really have an option before CNC systems came along,” he said. “We have found that ramping that tool out at a 45° angle, or thereabouts, helps keep that insert intact and clears the chip out of the way.”

Minute Man broaches from duMONT accept keyway inserts, as well as slotting and special inserts, for application on CNC lathes and machining centers. Image courtesy of duMONT.

The duMONT sharpening stem holds an insert securely in place as the cutting edge of the insert is resharpened at its original angle. Image courtesy of duMONT.

A chip became welded to an insert during blind-keyway broaching at Muthig Industries. Image courtesy of Muthig Industries.

Process that vaporizes conductive materials by controlled application of pulsed electrical current that flows between a workpiece and electrode (tool) in a dielectric fluid. Permits machining shapes to tight accuracies without the internal stresses conventional machining often generates. Useful in diemaking.

The company states that it designed the insert to pop out of the tool pocket to protect the machine spindle if there is not enough relief space. “Don’t get mad and blame the tool,” Gardner stated. “This is a clue that you do not have enough relief space or the chips are not evacuating the relief space and you are pounding into them.”

William Leventon is a contributing editor to Cutting Tool Engineering magazine. Contact him by phone at 609-920-3335 or via email at wleventon@gmail.com.

In general, Howard believes there’s a fairly widespread lack of knowledge about ceramic cutting tools in the machining industry. So he had no trouble identifying some lesser-known applications for these tools. One is cutting hardened stainless steel.

Another lesser-known ceramic application cited by Howard is cutting powder metal, which is popular in the automotive industry.

Main body of a tool; the portion of a drill or similar end-held tool that fits into a collet, chuck or similar mounting device.

“We want to have enough relief space so you’re not pounding chips in there,” Gardner said. “That’s the ultimate goal for blind-keyway broaching.”

The company did and produced five samples of each part, which the customer approved, without any issues, according to Odekirk. To break the chips and prevent them from packing at the end of the blind keyway, Muthig machines a cross-hole relief in each part, which is more suitable for this particular family of parts because adding a groove or notch relief would create a thinner wall that could reduce part strength.

He pointed out, however, that NTK makes ceramic tools that can cut CGI for 10 times less than the cost of carbide tools. But few in the industry know this.

On the downside, Howard pointed out that the hardness of ceramic materials makes them brittle, so those who make tools out of ceramics can’t put very sharp edges on them. As a result, he said, ceramic tools don’t cut as efficiently as carbide tools.

Dillaman said these endmills are made from the company’s Xsytin-1 material, which features a “whisker,” or reinforcing material, that’s grown internally via processing rather than laid in. This makes the ceramic material much harder to break apart, he said. He added that Xsytin-1 has shown itself to be capable of handling challenging roughing applications and turning interruptions.

When broaching blind keyways, Ron Odekirk at Muthig Industries emphasized that it’s critical that chips don’t pack together at the end of an indexable-insert tool’s stroke. This essential element was reinforced after the multifaceted parts manufacturer experienced three “pretty significant crashes” when applying indexable-insert broaches from CNC Broach Tool to produce, for an OEM, ¼"-wide × 2"-long (6.35mm × 50.8mm) blind keyways in a family of two different crank adapters made of cold-rolled steel.

Workpiece is held in a chuck, mounted on a face plate or secured between centers and rotated while a cutting tool, normally a single-point tool, is fed into it along its periphery or across its end or face. Takes the form of straight turning (cutting along the periphery of the workpiece); taper turning (creating a taper); step turning (turning different-size diameters on the same work); chamfering (beveling an edge or shoulder); facing (cutting on an end); turning threads (usually external but can be internal); roughing (high-volume metal removal); and finishing (final light cuts). Performed on lathes, turning centers, chucking machines, automatic screw machines and similar machines.

Added to titanium-carbide tooling to permit machining of hard metals at high speeds. Also used as a tool coating. See coated tools.

Distance between the bottom of the cut and the uncut surface of the workpiece, measured in a direction at right angles to the machined surface of the workpiece.

Value that refers to how far the workpiece or cutter advances linearly in 1 minute, defined as: ipm = ipt 5 number of effective teeth 5 rpm. Also known as the table feed or machine feed.

Cast iron having a graphite shape intermediate between the flake form typical of gray cast iron and the spherical form of fully spherulitic ductile cast iron. Also known as CG iron, CGI or vermicular iron, it is produced in a manner similar to that of ductile cast iron but using a technique that inhibits the formation of fully spherulitic graphite nodules.

CNC Broach’s tools have setscrews on the side, but the carbide inserts are open face, Gardner explained, and the design of the insert directs the cutting force down into the tool centerline and seats the insert down and back in the tool body’s pocket. This design protects the machine if the insert, which has two cutting edges, experiences a lot of pushback or chips buildup in the relief area, he said.

When broaching on a lathe, the workpiece is positioned horizontally and gravity causes chips to fall down and away. Not so when broaching on a mill. With a mill, Gardner recommends creating a cross-hole, groove or notch relief in the part—an open area to push the chips into. The relief area needs to be large enough that coolant doesn’t simply flush and pack the chips into it, however. If the relief area is not large enough, the tool will pound into those packaged chips and potentially cause a crash, he said, adding that coolant flushes the chips right through a cross-hole and avoids that.

As for Greenleaf’s solid-ceramic endmills, Dillaman said they can speed up machining of hardened materials normally done entirely with EDM operations.

Odekirk added that Muthig also increased coolant concentration to enhance its lubricity and antiweld characteristics.

1. Permanently damaging a metal by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. 2. In grinding, getting the workpiece hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening.

Substance used for grinding, honing, lapping, superfinishing and polishing. Examples include garnet, emery, corundum, silicon carbide, cubic boron nitride and diamond in various grit sizes.

Turning machine capable of sawing, milling, grinding, gear-cutting, drilling, reaming, boring, threading, facing, chamfering, grooving, knurling, spinning, parting, necking, taper-cutting, and cam- and eccentric-cutting, as well as step- and straight-turning. Comes in a variety of forms, ranging from manual to semiautomatic to fully automatic, with major types being engine lathes, turning and contouring lathes, turret lathes and numerical-control lathes. The engine lathe consists of a headstock and spindle, tailstock, bed, carriage (complete with apron) and cross slides. Features include gear- (speed) and feed-selector levers, toolpost, compound rest, lead screw and reversing lead screw, threading dial and rapid-traverse lever. Special lathe types include through-the-spindle, camshaft and crankshaft, brake drum and rotor, spinning and gun-barrel machines. Toolroom and bench lathes are used for precision work; the former for tool-and-die work and similar tasks, the latter for small workpieces (instruments, watches), normally without a power feed. Models are typically designated according to their “swing,” or the largest-diameter workpiece that can be rotated; bed length, or the distance between centers; and horsepower generated. See turning machine.

Measure of the relative efficiency with which a cutting fluid or lubricant reduces friction between surfaces.

Ceramics “run so much faster” than carbide, Howard said. “And with that comes a lot of fear. People say, ‘Wow, I can’t control this thing because I don’t have enough knowledge or skill.’”

Cone-shaped pins that support a workpiece by one or two ends during machining. The centers fit into holes drilled in the workpiece ends. Centers that turn with the workpiece are called “live” centers; those that do not are called “dead” centers.

“If you are paying attention and don’t run them too long and start chipping them, you can sharpen them quickly and won’t remove too much material,” he said.

Dillaman also reported that Greenleaf got good results when it pitted ceramic inserts against PCD in an aluminum-cutting application for a customer. He said the ceramic inserts that were used showed little wear and held up as well as their PCD counterparts. The biggest downside for ceramic inserts was the accumulation of some built-up edge that had to be removed.

At Greenleaf, Dillaman and his colleagues have had success using ceramic inserts to replace grinding in some cases.

Tungaloy AddDoFeed small-diameter, high-feed mills suitable for small-part

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