Concentric engineering - carbide insert boring bar

Citation: Devi C, Mahalingam SK, Cep R and Elangovan M (2024) Optimizing end milling parameters for custom 450 stainless steel using ant lion optimization and TOPSIS analysis. Front. Mech. Eng 10:1353544. doi: 10.3389/fmech.2024.1353544

Shanmugasundar, G., Dharanidharan, M., Vishwa, D., and Sanjeev Kumar, A. P. (2021b). Design, analysis and topology optimization of connecting rod. Mater Today Proc. 46, 3430–3438. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.778

The MLRS Linear, Interaction, and Quadratic performance of CF, TT, and SR are shown in Figure 5. The CF and TT quadratic equations respond more favorably than the linear interaction. Compared to the linear interaction, Figure 5 illustrates how well the performs on the SR quadratic equation.

Amrr, S. M., Sarkar, R., Banerjee, A., and Nabi, M. (2019). “Parameter optimization of spacecraft attitude controller using ant lion optimizer,” in Proceedings of the Parameter optimization of spacecraft attitude controller using ant lion optimizer, Aligarh, India, November 2019. doi:10.1109/UPCON47278.2019.8980008

Figure 3 shows that cryo-treated inserts exhibit better surface roughness than untreated inserts. Surface roughness decreases with increased spindle speed and increases with feed rate from 0.1 to 0.15 mm/min and further with 0.2 mm/min.

Kuntoğlu, M., and Sağlam, H. (2021). Investigation of signal behaviors for sensor fusion with tool condition monitoring system in turning. Measurement 173, 108582. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108582

Coalville, Leicestershire-based CMS Cepcor is a leading supplier of aftermarket crusher spares, manganese-steel wear liners and other equipment for the mining, aggregate production and associated industries worldwide.

The tungsten carbide inserts underwent cryogenic treatment in a specially designed cryogenic chamber (KRYO 550-16), capable of cooling samples down to deep cryogenic temperatures (-196 °C). The chamber’s temperature was gradually reduced from room temperature (RT) to the cryogenic temperature (CT, approximately -196 °C) at a rate of 2 °C/min as shown in Figure 1B. After being maintained at this temperature (-196 °C) for 24 and 36 h, the temperature was gradually raised back to room temperature (Devi and Mahalingam, 2023). Additionally, the current experiment was conducted to thoroughly examine the performance of cryo-treated cutting tools on Custom 450 stainless steel. The objective was to determine the optimal parameters at various spindle speeds (1,500 rpm, 2,300 rpm, 3,100 rpm), feed rates (0.1, 0.15, 0.2 mm/min), and a constant depth of cut (0.5 mm).

FIGURE 5. MLRS Performance comparison of CF, TT&SR. (A) Surface plot of CF vs CT, SS. (B) Surface plot of CF vs CT, FR. (C) Surface plot of CF vs FR, SS.

MSC Industrial Supply Co. UK (MSC) is celebrating a successful season after sponsoring two local youth football teams during the 2023/2024 campaign.

• TOPSIS, a multi-criteria decision analysis method, was used to evaluate the effectiveness of GHO, GWO, HSA, and ALO, with ALO demonstrating superior performance.

Korkmaz, M. E., Gupta, M. K., Singh, G., Kuntoğlu, M., Patange, A., Demirsoz, R., et al. (2023b). Machine learning models for online detection of wear and friction behaviour of biomedical graded stainless steel 316L under lubricating conditions. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 128 (5-6), 2671–2688. doi:10.1007/s00170-023-12108-3

2. Sorting the values for each problem starting with 1 (best outcome) to a, with the ranks denoted as rij.

Stainless steels are widely used in springs, nuts, bolts, screws, and other fasteners, as well as in the health, maritime, defence, and nuclear power plants industries. This is because of their exceptional strength and robust resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Their superior mechanical characteristics, low heat conduction coefficient, and remarkable resistance to corrosion are the reasons behind this. Nevertheless, stainless steel alloys are usually used because of their many beneficial properties, such as their high flexibility, high tensile strength, high fracture toughness, and high work hardening rate. Aviation fittings, aerospace parts such as bushings, shafts, valves, and certain screws, fuel tanks, exhaust components, high-temperature engine parts, structural elements and cabin components, landing gears, and other items are among the many applications for custom 450 stainless steel. In the past work, using a cryo-treated cutting tool, custom 450 stainless steel is cut in different ways depending on temperature, and cutting force. Additionally, it aims to examine the workpiece’s surface morphology, chip anatomy, surface abrasion, and tool morphology. Now the work is extended, the objective of this study is to investigate how process parameters influence the performance of a cryo-treated cutting tool during the milling of Custom 450 stainless steel. This investigation employs soft computing techniques, including the GHO, GWO, HSA, and ALO algorithms. Additionally, the study evaluates the effectiveness of these algorithms using TOPSIS multi-criteria decision analysis methods.

• ALO showed higher efficiency in achieving closer-to-ideal values in end milling, with an overall performance index of 1.133. The optimal parameters included a spindle speed of 2436.3 rpm, feed rate of 0.1 mm/min, and a cryogenic treatment soaking period of approximately 15.76 h.

Korkmaz, M. E., Gupta, M. K., Kuntoğlu, M., Patange, A. D., Ross, N. S., Yılmaz, H., et al. (2023a). Prediction and classification of tool wear and its state in sustainable machining of Bohler steel with different machine learning models. Measurement 223, 113825. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113825

3. Calculating the ultimate rank Rj for each algorithm by averaging the ranks obtained across all problems.

Kuntoğlu, M., Aslan, A., Sağlam, H., Pimenov, D. Y., Giasin, K., and Mikolajczyk, T. (2020). Optimization and analysis of surface roughness, flank wear and 5 different sensorial data via tool condition monitoring system in turning of AISI 5140. Sensors (Basel) 20 (16), 4377. doi:10.3390/s20164377

Manjunath, S., and kumar, A. (2017). Analysis the effectiveness of cryogenic treatment through roughness and temperature prediction using Bonn technique. J. Mech. Eng. 14 (2), 16–35.

For future research, exploring various levels of process factors is planned. Implementing and comparing other well-known metaheuristic approaches like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Genetic Algorithms (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), Jaya, Cuckoo, and Stochastic Fractal Search with ALO will be considered. This comparative study aims to identify the most effective metaheuristic approach for optimizing end milling processes, thereby achieving precise parameter settings.

The effectiveness of the system is evaluated using Design of Experiments (DOE), which considers several factors (Shanmugasundar et al., 2019a). DOE is an essential data collection and analysis methodology used across various experimental scenarios. It involves a planned experiment analyzing three aspects: factors, levels of these factors, and responses. The primary goal of DOE is to compare multiple solutions and identify the necessary factors to yield the best output response. It facilitates the examination of the impact of various input factors on a desired response. DOE is capable of identifying significant interactions that might be overlooked when examining a component at a time or dealing with multiple inputs simultaneously.

The foundation of the experiment design is the Taguchi-based orthogonal array, which includes three parameters and corresponding levels. This array can be used to develop optimal parameters, minimize treatments, reduce material costs, and determine the contributing factor of each process parameter in machining. The L27 orthogonal array consists of 13 columns, which can be assigned to test factors and their interactions. For a 3-factor 3-level configuration, the total number of tests required is given by 33=27. Therefore, a total of 27 experiments are to be conducted in the L27 OA. Table 1 shows the experimental design.

Kalita, K., Pal, S., Haldar, S., and Chakraborty, S. (2022). A hybrid TOPSIS-PR-GWO approach for multi-objective process parameter optimization. Process Integr. Optim. Sustain 6 (4), 1011–1026. doi:10.1007/s41660-022-00256-0

It should be noted that TOPSIS (Hwang and Yoon, 1981), a commonly used multi-criteria decision-making (Shanmugasundar et al., 2022b; Shanmugasundar et al., 2022c) tool is used to convert the fi into RCVi.

Meraihi, Y., Gabis, A. B., Mirjalili, S., and Ramdane-Cherif, A. (2021). Grasshopper optimization algorithm: theory, variants, and applications. IEEE Access 9, 50001–50024. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3067597

Yang, X. S. (2009). “Harmony search as a metaheuristic algorithm,” in Music-inspired harmony search algorithm: theory and applications (Berlin, Germany: Springer), 1–14. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00185-7_1

Ant line Optimization (ALO) (Mirjalili, 2015), is another popular metaheuristic which models the hunting behavior of ant lions using traps. The algorithm represents an ant’s walk as stochastic. The ALO algorithm is shown in Algorithm 4.

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Paul Horn, the solid carbide tooling, carbide insert and toolholder manufacturer headquartered in Tübingen, Germany, has supplied more than 200,000 special tooling solutions over the years and currently offers 25,000 standard products, including five due to be introduced to the UK and Irish markets at MACH 2024.

Reddy, T. V. S., Sornakumar, T., Reddy, M. V., Venkatram, R., and Senthilkumar, A. (2009). Turning studies of deep cryogenic treated P-40 tungsten carbide cutting tool inserts – TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION. Mach. Sci. Technol. 13 (2), 269–281. doi:10.1080/10910340902979754

The production of bone screws must be carried out using a metalcutting process, as the material for this type of screw must not be compressed, as is the case when thread rolling, for example. Titanium in particular, which is widely used in the human body due to its biocompatibility, tends to burn if the material is unduly compressed. As a thread cutting process for the medical industry, thread whirling on Swiss-type lathes has been a standard procedure for many years.

Devi, C., and Mahalingam, S. K. (2023). Robert cep, and Karel Kouril, effect of cryo-treated cutting tool end milling on Custom 450 stainless steel. J. Mater 16, 0. doi:10.3390/ma16130000

Niu, P., Niu, S., liu, N., and Chang, L. (2019). The defect of the grey wolf optimization algorithm and its verification method. Knowl. Based Syst. 171, 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2019.01.018

The efficiency of ALO is compared with GHO, GWO, and HSA. ALO shows superior performance in end milling applications, achieving optimal parameter settings at a lower iteration, as illustrated in the convergence plot (Figure 13). The TOPSIS approach integrated the output responses from 22 runs into a single objective, confirming the normal distribution of output data from all algorithms. The p-value of > 0.05 further substantiates the reliability and consistency of the ALO results.

Kalita, K., Kumar, V., and Chakraborty, S. (2023a). A novel MOALO-MODA ensemble approach for multi-objective optimization of machining parameters for metal matrix composites. Multiscale Multidiscip. Model Exp. Des. 6 (1), 179–197. doi:10.1007/s41939-022-00138-5

• Utilizing cryo-treated (CT) inserts resulted in a 13% reduction in surface roughness compared to untreated (UT) inserts, particularly at high cutting parameters.

Cryogenic treatment of metal leads to the transformation of the austenite phase into the martensite phase, characterized by a well-structured grain structure and a body-centred tetragonal crystal structure (Sert and Celik, 2019). The superior, tougher structure of martensite provides high wear resistance. Cryo-treatment of cutting tools has been identified as an effective method for reducing cutting force, extending tool life, and improving wear resistance (Reddy et al., 2009; Ozbek et al., 2016). (Korade et al., 2017) observed that combining various types of cryogenic treatment with increasing tempering temperatures and levels led to decreased hardness and increased wear volume. Literature reviews indicate that cryogenically treated coated carbide inserts have enhanced machining capabilities and tool wear resistance (Kumar and Singh, 2015; Singla et al., 2018; Panchagnula et al., 2023a; Panchagnula et al., 2023b). High spindle speed operations benefit from increased tool life with cryo-treated tungsten carbide inserts. Tool life and surface finishing are significant factors in the machining process. Coatings and cryogenic treatment have been shown to improve surface polishing and increase wear resistance (Gill et al., 2012; Sahoo et al., 2020). (Jadhav et al., 2020) performed turning operations on P20 tool steel using cryo-treated cutting inserts, with experiments conducted using Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array and results analysed using MATLAB surface plots and ANNs. Mukkoti et al. (Mukkoti et al., 2018) conducted end milling on P20 steel using cryo-treated tungsten carbide cutting inserts, with a focus on optimizing parameters affecting cutting forces and power consumption, using regression analysis to relate process factors to these outcomes.

Copyright © 2024 Devi, Mahalingam, Cep and Elangovan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

Kumar, S., and Singh, M. (2015). Cryogenic treatment as performance enhancing process for cutting tools-A review. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. (IRJET). 02 (9), 1902–1905.

Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) (Yang, 2009) operates with minimal mathematical constraints and does not require a predefined dataset for parameter selection. It draws an analogy to artists seeking harmonious music, with engineers seeking global solutions determined by an objective function. The process involves adjusting pitch and considering evolutionary algorithm modifications to achieve optimal conditions. The main principles of Harmony Search Process are: choose initial information from search memory (memory-related concerns), select the closest value from the harmony search memory (pitch modifications) and randomly select values from the range of potential values. The HSA algorithm is shown in Algorithm 3.

Mirjalili, S., Mirjalili, S. M., and Lewis, A. (2014). Grey wolf optimizer. Adv. Eng. Softw. 69, 46–61. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007

Jia, X. J., Deng, X. Z., and Su, J. X. (2012). Machining parameters optimization for form milling the gear using improved harmony search algorithm. Adv. Mater Res. 472-475, 1809–1812. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.472-475.1809

Here, Fij​ represents the calculated values of the i th experiment for the j th response, c are the coefficients of variables, and X are the variables.

Khalilpourazari, S., and Khalilpourazary, S. (2018). Optimization of production time in the multi-pass milling process via a robust grey wolf optimizer. Neural Comput. Appl. 29 (12), 1321–1336. doi:10.1007/s00521-016-2644-6

Korade, D. N., Ramana, K. V., Jagtap, K. R., and Dhokey, N. B. (2017). Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on tribological behaviour of D2 tool steel-an experimental investigation. Mater Today Proc. 4 (8), 7665–7673. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2017.07.100

Vickram, A. S., Srikumar, P. S., Srinivasan, S., Jeyanthi, P., Anbarasu, K., Thanigaivel, S., et al. (2021). Seminal exosomes–an important biological marker for various disorders and syndrome in human reproduction. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 28 (6), 3607–3615. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.038

FIGURE 6. Surface plot for influence of parameters on cutting force. (A) Surface plot of CF vs CT, SS. (B) Surface plot of CF vs CT, FR. (C) Surface plot of CF vs FR, SS.

Paul Horn, the solid carbide tooling, carbide insert and toolholder manufacturer headquartered in Tübingen, Germany, has supplied more than 200,000 special tooling solutions over the years and currently offers 25,000 standard products, including five due to be introduced to the UK and Irish markets at MACH 2024. The wholly-owned UK subsidiary of Horn Cutting Tools will be at the show to explain the reasons behind its launches and will also exhibit a broad cross section of the manufacturer's extensive tooling range. Bore superfinishing At the show an addition to the Horn Supermini boring, grooving and chamfering system will be announced, a variant with a precision-ground rake face designed for producing ultra-fine bores. The ground cutting edge is free from notches when viewed at a magnification of x200 and the tool can be used to machine components having an inside diameter from just 0.3mm. Sharp insert geometry ensures process reliability, even with very small infeed and cutting feed rates. The specially developed coating is suitable for stainless steels, non-ferrous metals and other metals. Horn's new solid carbide milling system for stainless steel exhibits high performance and long tool life The Supermini Type 105 system insert requires only one toolholder for well over 1,000 insert variants, which applies equally to left-hand and right-hand versions. The carbide inserts are available coated or uncoated in various grades for a variety of applications, including hard machining up to 66 HRC. Stainless steel milling Horn has developed a new, solid carbide milling cutter range for machining stainless steels, widely used in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical sectors, as well as in the watchmaking and other precision engineering industries. Due to their geometry and efficient chip breaking, the mills are suitable for machining numerous other materials as well. The combination of substrate, macro and micro geometry, and IG3 coating exhibits high cutting performance and long tool life. The coating in particular offers high temperature resistance for machining steels alloyed with chromium, nickel and molybdenum. The tools are offered in two types from stock. The DSHPR variant is suitable as both a finishing and a roughing tool and the geometry is adapted for trochoidal machining and plunging. Type DSR, with its very sharp cutting-edge geometry and short design, is suitable for very small parts and unstable workholding conditions, such as are frequently encountered in the medical and watchmaking industries. The new SG3P carbide grade enables shorter thread whirling cycle times thanks to higher cutting values Thread whirling A new, high-performance, carbide grade from Horn, the SG3P, presents enhanced possibilities in terms of performance and tool life when whirling medical screws. It enables shorter cycle times for thread production thanks to higher cutting values, including when processing materials that traditionally are difficult to machine. In addition, the combination of an ultra-fine-grain carbide powder and a high-temperature-resistant coating raises process reliability and improves component quality. In-house coating of the inserts enables fast delivery times, and the carbide grade is available for all standard Horn thread whirling systems. The production of bone screws must be carried out using a metalcutting process, as the material for this type of screw must not be compressed, as is the case when thread rolling, for example. Titanium in particular, which is widely used in the human body due to its biocompatibility, tends to burn if the material is unduly compressed. As a thread cutting process for the medical industry, thread whirling on Swiss-type lathes has been a standard procedure for many years. Horn's new boring bar with adjustable damping carrying one of the manufacturer's grooving inserts Boring bar damping A long overhang can cause a turning tool to oscillate when boring internal geometries. In addition to causing chatter marks on the surface of the machined component, the vibrations can lead to a significant reduction in tool life. For unfavourable length-to-diameter ratios, even damped boring bars may vibrate under certain conditions. To help mitigate these difficulties, Horn has introduced a boring bar with adjustable damping so it can be set to match the amplitude of the oscillation generated by the machining process. Precise adjustment enables vibration-free turning, resulting in better surface quality of the machined component and a significant increase in insert life. As standard, Horn offers the boring bars from stock in length-to-diameter ratios of 5:1 and 8:1. Higher ratios are available as special tools. In the case of grooving, Horn offers the S224 double-edged system. For machining cast iron brake discs, Horn has introduced a new tool range that includes solid CBN (cubic boron nitride) ISO inserts, as well as CBN-tipped full-radius and shaped inserts, plus stable tool carriers Grades for discs Horn is also launching a new tool range for manufacturing brake discs economically. It includes solid CBN (cubic boron nitride) ISO inserts, mainly used for cast iron machining, and CBN-tipped full-radius and shaped inserts. The grade has no metallic bonding phase and therefore has the highest hot hardness of all cutting materials. Horn offers the solid CBN ISO S turning insert with eight cutting edges for roughing and finishing. Stable tool carriers are included in the offering and, depending on the operation and metal removal rate, in excess of 1,000 cast iron brake discs can be machined per insert corner. Additionally, Horn has introduced two different tool solutions for machining the heat dissipation grooves in the discs. The CBN-tipped S117 profile grooving insert is ideal in terms of cutting speed and longevity for large batch production. During the process, each groove is produced in just under two seconds in a single operation. For greater flexibility, Horn's S229 full-radius, CBN-tipped inserts offer the option of copy turning the grooves in around four seconds. Regrinding and re-tipping are possible with both types. Horn Cutting Toolswww.phorn.co.ukHall 6, Stand 210

A South West-based engineering team is aiming to transform the large-format additive manufacturing sector with the launch of its latest product.

CD: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing–original draft. SM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing–review and editing. RC: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing–review and editing. ME: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing–review and editing.

The Friedman test, a non-parametric alternative to the parametric two-way analysis of variance, is used to identify significant differences in the behavior of the algorithms. This test assumes the null hypothesis of equality of medians between the populations.

Effect of process parameters on temperature is shown in Figure 11. Cutting temperature not decreases much. The Pareto diagram (Figure 12) suggests a uniform impact of feed rate and spindle speed on temperature. Residual analysis confirms a consistent pattern across milling operations without specific residue patterns, indicating the reliability of the experimental setup. The results validate the model’s suitability for analyzing cryo-treated cutting tool residues across various milling performance variables. The residual plots demonstrate the significant impact of input parameters on TT during machining.

Kalita, K., Ghadai, R. K., and Chakraborty, S. (2023b). A comparative study on multi-objective pareto optimization of WEDM process using nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms. Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. 17 (2), 499–516. doi:10.1007/s12008-022-01007-8

The surface plot of SR vs FR, SS in Figure 8 illustrates the effect of process parameters on surface roughness. Initially, the surface roughness was higher, but as the cutting speed increased, it decreased and then increased again. Surface roughness rises in dependence on the FR. According to the Pareto chart in Figure 9, spindle speed and feed rate significantly influence surface roughness. The production of built-up edges (BUE) at specific spindle speeds reduces Ra. The SEM image in Figure 10 shows imperfections and micro-voids on machined surfaces caused by carbide particles and BUE. Cryo-treated inserts perform better, reducing heat generation and improving surface finishing. (39).

A new, high-performance, carbide grade from Horn, the SG3P, presents enhanced possibilities in terms of performance and tool life when whirling medical screws. It enables shorter cycle times for thread production thanks to higher cutting values, including when processing materials that traditionally are difficult to machine.

Katoch, S., Sehgal, R., Singh, V., Gupta, M. K., Mia, M., and Pruncu, C. I. (2019). Improvement of tribological behavior of H-13 steel by optimizing the cryogenic-treatment process using evolutionary algorithms. Tribol. Int. 140, 105895. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2019.105895

In mathematics, the Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) can be used to compute the response value (the output) in relation to multiple parameters (the inputs). Using experimental data and MATLAB’s “regress” function, this study establishes three variations of the MLRM equations: interaction Equations 8, (9), and (10) respectively.

Horn offers the solid CBN ISO S turning insert with eight cutting edges for roughing and finishing. Stable tool carriers are included in the offering and, depending on the operation and metal removal rate, in excess of 1,000 cast iron brake discs can be machined per insert corner.

Evolutionary algorithms have been utilized to optimize the various machining processes (Kalita et al., 2020; Kalita et al., 2022; Kalita et al., 2023a; Kalita et al., 2023b). Adhesive wear on the studied surface was characterized by deformation lips, surface cracks, and fractured ridges, with Particle Swarm Optimization showing promising results for increased efficiency (Katoch et al., 2019). (Manjunath and kumar, 2017) demonstrated that face milling with cryo-treated tools can reduce surface roughness. The work in this paper was theoretically validated by creating a prototype using the BONN technique and real-time experimental data. The optimization was conducted using a MATLAB Genetic algorithm solver. The analysis of the direct and indirect effects of process parameters on temperature rise assisted in selecting parameters to minimize temperature increase, indicating the stability of the end milling process. The study’s predictive models for temperature rise are expected to align within a 95% confidence interval of the experimental results (Kaushik et al., 2018). Drilling on polymer composite material varied three process constraints at four discrete levels: spindle speed, feed rate, and weight percentage of graphite. The Taguchi-Grey Theory-Based Harmony Search Algorithm (GR-HSA) was used for multi-objective optimization and predictive modelling. The results showed that the machining interface temperature increased with GR-HSA spindle speed (2,500 rpm), softening the polymeric material in the machining zone (Kumar et al., 2021). In multi-pass face milling processes, parameters were optimized using HSA and compared against HA and GA algorithms (Zarei et al., 2009). The application of ant lion optimization in spacecraft attitude controllers demonstrated the ability of the suggested control action to prevent unnecessary long manoeuvring paths, enhancing resistance to unwinding (Amrr et al., 2019). The forms of two ship propellers were optimized using ALO, presenting superior optimal designs in 3-bar truss design, cantilever beam design, and gear train design. The ideal forms for ship propellers illustrate the potential application of the proposed approach to solve real-world problems with unpredictable search areas (Gao and Zhao, 2019). An enhanced grey wolf optimization technique was compared against algorithms like ALO, PSO, BA, regular GWO, and others, showing superior performance in high-dimensional situations (Khalilpourazari and Khalilpourazary, 2018). (Khalilpourazari and Khalilpourazary, 2018) suggested the GWO for optimizing multi-pass milling process parameters, using the Taguchi technique to find optimal values for the algorithm’s essential parameters (Shunmugesh and Panneerselvam, 2017). The results showed that the GWO outperforms other solutions by reducing total production time and offering the most workable solution for different cutting strategies (Niu et al., 2019).

Surface roughness is impacted by feed rate, cryogenic treatment, and spindle speed. Eq. (12) mathematically represents surface roughness:

Gao, Z. M., and Zhao, J. (2019). An improved grey wolf optimization algorithm with variable weights. Comp. Intell. Neurosci. 2019, 1–13. doi:10.1155/2019/2981282

Singla, A. K., Singh, J., and Sharma, V. S. (2018). Processing of materials at cryogenic temperature and its implications in manufacturing: a review. Mater Manuf. Process. 33 (15), 1603–1640. doi:10.1080/10426914.2018.1424908

Figure 4 demonstrates that cryo-treated cutting tools outperform untreated inserts in terms of cutting temperature.

The Supermini Type 105 system insert requires only one toolholder for well over 1,000 insert variants, which applies equally to left-hand and right-hand versions. The carbide inserts are available coated or uncoated in various grades for a variety of applications, including hard machining up to 66 HRC.

Table 6 shows the IGD values for the selected algorithms. It is evident from the IGD values that the ALO algorithm outperforms GHO, GWO, and HSA.

Metaheuristics are a popular set of algorithms that have been used in diverse optimization applications (Shanmugasundar et al., 2019b; Shanmugasundar et al., 2021b; Shanmugasundar et al., 2022a; Shanmugasundar et al., 2023a; Shanmugasundar et al., 2023b). In this study, Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (Meraihi et al., 2021), Grey Wolf Optimization (Mirjalili et al., 2014), Harmony Search Algorithm (Yang, 2009) and Ant Lion Optimization (Mirjalili, 2015) have been used.

The mathematical model for temperature (Eq. (13)) includes spindle speed, feed rate, and cryogenic treatment as independent variables:

• ALO outperformed GHO, GWO, and HSA, as evidenced by the lowest IGD value. The Friedman Test further highlighted significant differences in the performance of these algorithms.

The IGD metric is utilized to compare the effectiveness of Grasshopper Optimization (GHO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), and Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) Algorithms. This measure indicates the computational complexity of the algorithms, as detailed in Khalilpourazari et al. (Khalilpourazari et al., 2020). The IGD is calculated using the Euclidean distance formula:

The Friedman statistic Ff is then calculated under the null hypothesis that all algorithms perform similarly, and their ranks Rj should be equal. (36).

• The quadratic Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) equation proved to be the most accurate for end milling, surpassing interaction and linear models.

Keywords: end milling optimization, custom 450 stainless steel, ant lion optimization, multi-objective TOPSIS, parametric analysis

Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between milling operation factors and cutting forces. Increased spindle speed and feed rate correlate with decreased cutting forces, indicating potential areas for parameter optimization. Feed rate significantly influences cutting forces, affecting tool life.

The Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) can be employed in mathematics to calculate the response value (the output) in terms of several parameters (the inputs) (Shanmugasundar et al., 2021a). This study establishes three variants of the MLRM equations—linear, quadratic, and interaction—using experimental data and MATLAB’s “regress” function. These three models are represented in their standard forms as Eq. 1, Eq. 2, and Eq. 3:

Kumar, J., Verma, R. K., and Mondal, A. K. (2021). Taguchi-grey theory based harmony search algorithm (GR-HSA) for predictive modeling and multi-objective optimization in drilling of polymer composites. Exp. Tech. 45, 531–548. doi:10.1007/s40799-020-00428-y

The latest Iscar LogiQuick campaign has unveiled a diverse range of new cutting tools, effectively replenishing the company's portfolio.

The test statistic value is calculated using the method described in (Derrac et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2023). The Friedman statistic (Ff) is computed as:

Shanmugasundar, G., Mahanta, T. K., Čep, R., and Kalita, K. (2022c). Novel fuzzy measurement alternatives and ranking according to the compromise solution-based green machining optimization. Processes 10 (12), 2645. doi:10.3390/pr10122645

The HyproJET X6 from Ceratizit is based on an improved and patented design which makes is possible to increase cutting performance, leading and lifetime.

Shanmugasundar, G., Sapkota, G., Čep, R., and Kalita, K. (2022b). Application of MEREC in multi-criteria selection of optimal spray-painting robot. Processes 10 (6), 1172. doi:10.3390/pr10061172

Horn has developed a new, solid carbide milling cutter range for machining stainless steels, widely used in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical sectors, as well as in the watchmaking and other precision engineering industries.

Type DSR, with its very sharp cutting-edge geometry and short design, is suitable for very small parts and unstable workholding conditions, such as are frequently encountered in the medical and watchmaking industries.

Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) excels in unfamiliar, challenging search areas and demonstrates strong convergence and local optima avoidance (Mirjalili et al., 2014). It simulates the Grey wolf pack’s predation process, which involves encircling, hunting, and attacking. GWO reflects the strict social hierarchy of grey wolves with alphas leading the pack, followed by betas, deltas, and omegas. In GWO, agents a,b, and d determine the best hunting strategy, while other wolves adjust their positions around the prey. The GWO algorithm is shown in Algorithm 2.

The experiment involved end milling Custom 450 stainless steel in a dry, room-temperature environment using cutting inserts that were either untreated (UT), cryo-treated with 24 h of soaking (CT 24 h), or cryo-treated with 36 h of soaking (CT 36 h). This was conducted on a CNC vertical machining centre as shown in Figure 1A. The dimensions of 160 mm × 75 mm × 20 mm (4 numbers) were prepared. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of Custom 450 stainless steel were determined (31). The tool holder used was a standard indexable type (Diameter: 16 mm, Length: 150 mm), and the cutting tool insert was a TiAlN-coated tungsten carbide insert (APMT1135PDR YBG205). The primary cutting parameters employed in this study were spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. (31).

• Analyses indicate that spindle speed, feed rate, and cryogenic treatment are critical in milling. Increases in these parameters correspond to higher CF and Temperature (TT).

Figure 14 reveals the impact of high heat loads and cutting zone temperature on chip morphology, with thermal softening facilitating machining at high temperatures. Increasing the feed rate results in more serrated chip teeth, especially with cryo-treated cutting tool inserts at high spindle speeds and feed rates. (36,41).

CNC milling processes are widely used than the conventional machining in the manufacturing sector due to the accuracy. They are frequently employed to create complex shapes like pockets and slots. In industrial settings, hard materials are often milled using tungsten carbide end mill cutting tools, which are characterized by their higher hardness and wear resistance. This high hardness enables the processing of materials with high strength-to-weight ratios. During machining, cutting tools are subjected to high heat and variable loads. The cutting tools used for machining should not deform or wear excessively due to these conditions. Excessive softening of the cutting tool material, caused by high heat production during machining, leads to increased tool wear and cutting forces. This is problematic as tool failure is a common constraint, driving up component costs due to the need for tool replacement. Numerous efforts have been made in the past to enhance tool life and reduce surface roughness. However, optimizing cutting forces and cutting temperature with cryogenically treated tools in end milling of Custom450 stainless steel has not received significant attention in the literature to date.

Khalilpourazari, S., Naderi, B., and Khalilpourazary, S. (2020). Multi-objective stochastic fractal search: a powerful algorithm for solving complex multi-objective optimization problems. Soft Comput. 24 (4), 3037–3066. doi:10.1007/s00500-019-04080-6

• Comparisons of CF, TT, and SR across various algorithms showed that ALO achieved the most optimal parameter settings.

In this formula, Rij represents the i th run j th response value, Rbj is the best j th response value, and Edi is the Euclidean distance. The process involves calculating the Euclidean distance for each run and then computing the IGD as the sum of each Euclidean distance squared, divided by the number of runs (27 in this case).

Palanivelu, J., Thanigaivel, S., Vickram, S., Dey, N., Mihaylova, D., and Desseva, I. (2022). Probiotics in functional foods: survival assessment and approaches for improved viability. Appl. Sci. 12 (1), 455. doi:10.3390/app12010455

This section provides an analysis and comparison of results from several optimization approaches, including Grasshopper Optimization (GHO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), and Ant Lion Optimization (ALO). The metaheuristic efficiency is assessed with an inertia weight of 100, archive size of 100, and population size of 100.

Here, a is the number of algorithms, r is the number of runs, and Rj represents the ultimate rank for each algorithm. The test statistic is compared against the F-distribution table value. If the computed Ff is higher than the table value, the result is considered significant.

Binali, R., Demirpolat, H., Kuntoğlu, M., and Salur, E. (2023). Different aspects of machinability in turning of AISI 304 stainless steel: a sustainable approach with MQL technology. Metals 13 (6), 1088. doi:10.3390/met13061088

According to Table 6, the IGD value for ALO is lower than for the other algorithms, indicating superior performance. The convergence graphs for Cutting Force (CF), Surface Roughness (SR), and Temperature (TT) in Figure 12 further demonstrate the effectiveness of the ALO algorithm compared to GHO, GWO, and HSA. Therefore, it is concluded that ALO outperforms GHO, GWO, and HSA.

Raj Deena, S., Kumar, G., Vickram, A. S., Rani Singhania, R., Dong, C. D., Rohini, K., et al. (2022). Efficiency of various biofilm carriers and microbial interactions with substrate in moving bed-biofilm reactor for environmental wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 359, 127421. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127421

Shanmugasundar, G., Pal, S., Chohan, J. S., and Kalita, K. (2023a). “Pareto optimization of laminated composite plates with non-dominated sorting whale optimization algorithm (NSWOA) ensemble,” in International conference on intelligent computing & optimization (Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland), 350–357.

The latest Iscar LogiQuick campaign has unveiled a diverse range of new cutting tools, effectively replenishing the company's portfolio.

During the process, each groove is produced in just under two seconds in a single operation. For greater flexibility, Horn's S229 full-radius, CBN-tipped inserts offer the option of copy turning the grooves in around four seconds. Regrinding and re-tipping are possible with both types.

• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) examination of surfaces milled with UT inserts at high speeds and feed rates revealed significant grooves and ridges.

At the show an addition to the Horn Supermini boring, grooving and chamfering system will be announced, a variant with a precision-ground rake face designed for producing ultra-fine bores. The ground cutting edge is free from notches when viewed at a magnification of x200 and the tool can be used to machine components having an inside diameter from just 0.3mm.

The study aimed to optimize milling parameters such as spindle speed and feed rate to minimize cutting force (CF) and surface roughness (SR) using Grasshopper Optimization (GHO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), and Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) algorithms. Key findings, based on the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method, are summarized below:

Ozbek, N. A., Gulesin, M., and Ozbek, O. (2016). Application of deep cryogenic treatment to uncoated tungsten carbide inserts in the turning of AISI 304 stainless steel. Metall. Mater Trans. A 47 (12), 6270–6280. doi:10.1007/s11661-016-3767-1

The wholly-owned UK subsidiary of Horn Cutting Tools will be at the show to explain the reasons behind its launches and will also exhibit a broad cross section of the manufacturer's extensive tooling range.

The design factors that most affect the three quality attributes—manufacturing cost, tool life, and workpiece quality—are found using ANOVA. A high F-value indicates a high efficiency level for the parameter. Another important factor is the p-value, which allows statistical analysis to be completed within a 95% confidence interval. Consequently, the parameter affects the response if the computed value is less than 5%. According to Table 3. Cutting force, surface roughness, and temperature all had p values less than 0.05, indicating significant effects from each parameter on the output responses. Similarly, input parameters have a considerable impact on the output responses (square of FR, CT excluded), but no significant influence is seen on cutting force from square of FR, CT and no significant impact is seen on surface roughness from any of the interactions.

Sert, A., and Celik, O. N. (2019). Characterization of the mechanism of cryogenic treatment on the microstructural changes in tungsten carbide cutting tools. Mater Char 150 (1-7), 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2019.02.006

Sharp insert geometry ensures process reliability, even with very small infeed and cutting feed rates. The specially developed coating is suitable for stainless steels, non-ferrous metals and other metals.

Equations (11)–(13) depict mathematical models for cutting force, surface roughness, and temperature respectively. The developed mathematical models were verified using ANOVA shown in Table 3.

Horn is also launching a new tool range for manufacturing brake discs economically. It includes solid CBN (cubic boron nitride) ISO inserts, mainly used for cast iron machining, and CBN-tipped full-radius and shaped inserts. The grade has no metallic bonding phase and therefore has the highest hot hardness of all cutting materials.

Due to their geometry and efficient chip breaking, the mills are suitable for machining numerous other materials as well. The combination of substrate, macro and micro geometry, and IG3 coating exhibits high cutting performance and long tool life. The coating in particular offers high temperature resistance for machining steels alloyed with chromium, nickel and molybdenum.

Custom 450 is a martensitic stainless-steel grade that has good resistance to corrosion up to about 650 °C and may be heat-treated to significantly enhance its mechanical properties. There are few articles regarding Custom 450 stainless steel in the literature, despite the fact that there are various studies on the machinability of stainless steels. Furthermore, publications do not contain information on end milling on Custom 450 stainless steel. The extensive use of Custom 450 stainless steel makes this experiment essential. Despite the established use of cryo-treated cutting tools in drilling, turning, and milling operations, the full potential of milling processes on Custom450 stainless steel has not been completely explored. While cryo-treated cutting tools are well-recognized in various machining operations, the specific application of end milling on Custom 450 stainless steel remains under-investigated. Furthermore, in-depth studies focusing on the end milling of Custom 450 stainless steel are still lacking. Consequently, the objective of this study is to investigate how process parameters influence the performance of a cryo-treated cutting tool during the milling of Custom 450 stainless steel. This investigation employs soft computing techniques, including the GHO, GWO, HSA, and ALO algorithms. Additionally, the study evaluates the effectiveness of these algorithms using TOPSIS multi-criteria decision analysis methods.

Hundreds of British manufacturing companies opened their doors in a UK-wide open house today as part of National Manufacturing Day, giving their local communities the chance to see the highly paid careers and jobs on offer in our exciting and diverse sector.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The HyproJET X6 from Ceratizit is based on an improved and patented design which makes is possible to increase cutting performance, leading and lifetime.

Gill, S. S., Singh, J., Singh, R., and Singh, H. (2012). Effect of cryogenic treatment on AISI M2 high speed steel: metallurgical and Mechanical Characterization. J. Mater Eng. Perform. 21 (7), 1320–1326. doi:10.1007/s11665-011-0032-z

Table 4 presents the optimal process parameters and response values obtained from 22 runs with a population size of 100 and 100 iterations for all algorithms. Table 5 shows the statistical significance of these algorithms.

A long overhang can cause a turning tool to oscillate when boring internal geometries. In addition to causing chatter marks on the surface of the machined component, the vibrations can lead to a significant reduction in tool life. For unfavourable length-to-diameter ratios, even damped boring bars may vibrate under certain conditions.

where Xi represents the i th solution’s position, Oi the interaction between the solution and other swarms, Bi the gravitational pull, and Ri the wind advection. The GHO algorithm is shown in Algorithm 1.

Additionally, Horn has introduced two different tool solutions for machining the heat dissipation grooves in the discs. The CBN-tipped S117 profile grooving insert is ideal in terms of cutting speed and longevity for large batch production.

FIGURE 11. Surface plot for influence of parameters on cutting temperature. (A) Surface plot of TT vs CT, FR. (B) Surface plot of TT vs FR, SS. (C) Surface plot of TT vs CT, SS.

The tools are offered in two types from stock. The DSHPR variant is suitable as both a finishing and a roughing tool and the geometry is adapted for trochoidal machining and plunging.

Derrac, J., García, S., Molina, D., and Herrera, F. (2011). A practical tutorial on the use of non parametric statistical tests as a methodology for comparing evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms. Swarm Evol. Comput. 1 (1), 3–18. doi:10.1016/j.swevo.2011.02.002

Shanmugasundar, G., Vanitha, M., Čep, R., Kumar, V., Kalita, K., and Ramachandran, M. (2021a). A comparative study of linear, random forest and adaboost regressions for modeling non-traditional machining. Processes 9 (11), 2015. doi:10.3390/pr9112015

The current research examines the effectiveness of cryogenically treated (CT) tungsten carbide cutting inserts on Custom450 stainless steel using multi-objective soft computing approaches. The Taguchi-based L27 orthogonal array was employed in the experiments. During milling operations, cutting force, surface roughness, and cutting temperature were measured at different spindle speeds (rpm), feed rates (mm/min), and constant depths of cut (mm). The surface roughness and chip morphology of the Custom 450 stainless steel machined by cryo-treated (CT) and untreated (UT) cutting tool inserts were compared across various responses to cutting temperature and force. This paper also carried out multi-objective optimization, employing algorithm techniques such as Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GHO), Grey Wolf Optimization(GWO), Harmony Search Algorithm(HAS), and Ant line Optimization (ALO). The Multi-objective Taguchi approach and TOPSIS were first used to optimize the machining process parameters (spindle speed, feed rate, and cryogenic treatment) with different performance characteristics. Second, to relate the machining process parameters with the performance characteristics (cutting force, cutting temperature, and surface roughness), a mathematical model was developed using response surface analysis. The created mathematical response model was validated using ANOVA. The results showed that in IGD values of GHO, GWO, HSA and ALO module had 2.5765, 2.4706, 2.3647 and 2.5882 respectively, ALO has the best performance indicator. A Friedman’s test was also conducted, revealing higher resolution with the ALO method than with the HSA, GWO, and GHO methods. The results of the scanning test show that the ALO approach is workable.

Shanmugasundar, G., Fegade, V., Mahdal, M., and Kalita, K. (2022a). Optimization of variable stiffness joint in robot manipulator using a novel NSWOA-Marcos approach. Processes 10 (6), 1074. doi:10.3390/pr10061074

To help mitigate these difficulties, Horn has introduced a boring bar with adjustable damping so it can be set to match the amplitude of the oscillation generated by the machining process. Precise adjustment enables vibration-free turning, resulting in better surface quality of the machined component and a significant increase in insert life.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

FIGURE 8. Surface plot for influence of parameters on surface roughness. (A) Surface plot of SR vs CT, FR. (B) Surface plot of SR vs CT, SS. (C) Surface plot of SR vs FR, SS.

Shunmugesh, K., and Panneerselvam, K. (2017). Optimization of machining process parameters in drilling of CFRP using multi-objective Taguchi technique, TOPSIS and RSA techniques. Polym. Polym. Compos 25 (3), 185–192. doi:10.1177/096739111702500301

Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GHO) is inspired by the nymph and adult stages of grasshopper life (Meraihi et al., 2021). The nymph stage involves short, leisurely steps, while the adult stage features long, rapid movements. These behaviors underlie GHO’s intensification and diversification phases. In the exploration phase, GHO updates the position value of each grasshopper in the swarm and evaluates fitness, symbolizing the search for food sources. During the exploitation phase, it identifies the optimal solution among all options, akin to seeking better food sources.

Jadhav, P., Kumar, S., and Bongale, A. (2020). Optimization of cutting forces by cryogenic treatment on tungsten carbide inserts during dry turning of the P 20 tool steel. Mater Today Proc. 28, 2485–2493. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.798

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MSC Industrial Supply Co. UK (MSC) is celebrating a successful season after sponsoring two local youth football teams during the 2023/2024 campaign.

As standard, Horn offers the boring bars from stock in length-to-diameter ratios of 5:1 and 8:1. Higher ratios are available as special tools. In the case of grooving, Horn offers the S224 double-edged system.

Previous research has focused on identifying the ideal level of machining parameters for CNC milling operations, often employing artificial intelligence approaches like genetic algorithms (GA), artificial neural networks, and fuzzy logic. Commonly enhanced input parameters include feed rate, depth of cut, and spindle speed (Jia et al., 2012). However, limited research has been conducted on using the length of the cryogenic treatment soaking as a process parameter to achieve optimal machining parameters. Only a few studies briefly mention the use of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) to enhance tool life, often focusing on single objectives like tool wear and flank wear. Additionally, little work has examined the impact of cryogenic treatment on the material of cutting tools. Thus, providing a robust technological model to enhance the process’s productivity is crucial. To address this gap, experimental tests were conducted to investigate the impact of cryogenic treatment on end mill cutters on the cutting force and temperature of Custom 450 stainless steel using a CNC end milling process. These steels are particularly useful in industries such as medical, food, nuclear power, and chemicals, where precise machining into complex aeronautical fittings, aerospace components like shafts, valves, and specific screws, cabin components, and landing gears is essential (Kuntoğlu et al., 2020; Kuntoğlu and Sağlam, 2021; Korkmaz et al., 2023a; Binali et al., 2023; Korkmaz et al., 2023b). CNC end milling was carried out on a vertical milling machine. Various soaking times (between 24 and 36 h) of CT were applied to tungsten carbide end milling cutters. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the chip and surface morphology of the cryo-treated and untreated tools. SEM (Vickram et al., 2021; Palanivelu et al., 2022; Raj Deena et al., 2022) imaging finds widespread utility in various fields.

In mathematics, the response value (the output) can be determined in terms of many parameters (the inputs) by using the many Linear Regression Model (MLRM). This study uses experimental data and the “regress” tool in MATLAB to establish three variations of the MLRM equations: linear Equation of cutting force, surface roughness and cutting temperature (Eqs 5, 6, 7) respactively.

Kalita, K., Ghadai, R. K., Cepova, L., Shivakoti, I., and Bhoi, A. K. (2020). Memetic cuckoo-search-based optimization in machining galvanized iron. Mater. (Basel) 13 (14), 3047. doi:10.3390/ma13143047

In addition, the combination of an ultra-fine-grain carbide powder and a high-temperature-resistant coating raises process reliability and improves component quality. In-house coating of the inserts enables fast delivery times, and the carbide grade is available for all standard Horn thread whirling systems.

The graphical representations of the association between response and cutting variables occur under specific cutting settings that were indicated in the experimental design table. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend how cutting conditions affect cutting variables in order to better clarify these interactions. Figure 6 displayed the combined effect of feed rate and cutting speed on CF fluctuations on three-dimensional graphs. The cutting force reduced as the feed rate and cutting speed increased. The cutting force reduced as the SS increased in the surface plot of CT and SS. Pareto chart (Figure 7) indicates the least significant impact of feed rate repetition on force in the X-direction. The primary effect plot shows reduced cutting force with increased spindle speed. The statistical analysis confirms the significant impact of milling parameters on CF during titanium alloy milling. The response surface plots demonstrate these effects, highlighting improved thermal conductivity due to cryogenic treatment, influencing the heat transfer from the tool’s tip and affecting cutting forces.

Kaushik, V. S., Subramanian, M., and Sakthivel, M. (2018). Optimization of processes parameters on temperature rise in CNC end milling of al 7068 using hybrid techniques. Mater Today Proc. 5 (2), 7037–7046. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.367

Mukkoti, V. V., Sankaraiah, G., and Yohan, M. (2018). Effect of cryogenic treatment of tungsten carbide tools on cutting force and power consumption in CNC milling process. Prod. Manuf. Res. 6 (1), 149–170. doi:10.1080/21693277.2018.1436011

Panchagnula, K. K., Sharma, J. P., Kalita, K., and Chakraborty, S. (2023a). CoCoSo method-based optimization of cryogenic drilling on multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced composites. Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. 17 (1), 279–297. doi:10.1007/s12008-022-00894-1

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Zarei, O., Fesanghary, M., Farshi, B., Saffar, R. J., and Razfar, M. R. (2009). Optimization of multi-pass face-milling via harmony search algorithm. J. Mater Process Technol. 209 (5), 2386–2392. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.05.029

Shanmugasundar, G., Karthikeyan, B., Ponvell, P. S., and Vignesh, V. (2019a). Optimization of process parameters in TIG welded joints of AISI 304L-austenitic stainless steel using Taguchi’s experimental design method. Mater Today Proc. 16, 1188–1195. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.05.213

The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Zhang, P., Gao, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, S., Wang, S., and Lin, Z. (2023). Effect of cutting parameters on the corrosion resistance of 7A04 aluminum alloy in high-speed cutting. Vacuum 212, 111968. doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.111968

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When attempting to determine the best pairings between two sets of data, it can be helpful. By drawing an analogy with a topographic map, the color and patterns in Surface Charts show the places that fall within the same range of values. Three variables are often used to generate a 3D Surface Plot: X, Y, and Z. Surface plot for CF.

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Panchagnula, K. K., Jayaprakash, P., Čep, R., Vamsi, N., Kalita, K., and Chakraborty, S. (2023b). Regression model-based parametric analysis of drilling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-added glass fiber composite laminates. Mater Res. Express. doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ad1129

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