Stanley's Spiralock takes a turn for the better - threading insert

As a cutting tool material, PCD has good wear resistance but lacks chemical stability at high temperatures and dissolves easily in iron. So PCD tools are usually limited to materials like high-silicon aluminum, metal-matrix composites and CFRP. In addition, PCD tools are geometrically limited in structure and may be too rough or unrefined for optimal machining of the wide range of nonferrous materials. Finally, the initial cost of PCD cutting tools can be quite high.

Del Williams is a technical writer in Torrance, California. He writes about health, business, technology and education and has a Master of Arts in English from California State University, Dominguez Hills.

Because machine tools repeatedly remove material, frequently at high spindle speeds, to shape a workpiece, carbide cutting tools are often applied instead of HSS ones to retain a sharp cutting edge and extend tool life. However, when machining highly abrasive materials, such as carbon fiber-reinforced polymer, glass fiber-reinforced plastic, graphite, aluminum alloys or ceramics, even carbide tools can rapidly wear.

The combination of coating hardness and a low friction coefficient can also dramatically improve production even when dry machining. In an application machining CFRP and thermoplastics, for instance, a Balinit Hard Carbon-coated countersink produced 180% more parts than an uncoated tool. In another case, a coated carbide endmill doubled the parts produced when dry machining compared with an uncoated tool using lubricant.

Finally, when machining ceramics, which typically occurs in the dental industry, PACVD diamond coatings can substantially boost production and extend tool life while imparting fine surface finishes. As an example, when machining a zirconium-oxide workpiece for a dental application, a microscale PACVD diamond-coated ballnose endmill produced about 900 finished parts compared with about 100 parts for an uncoated tool.

One coating type increasingly being utilized in these industries is strong, nonhazardous PVD. PVD describes a variety of vacuum deposition methods that can deposit thin coatings. The process typically coats tools and components at relatively low temperatures from 150° to 500° C, which avoids altering the fundamental material properties.

Process of increasing the surface hardness of a part. It is accomplished by heating a piece of steel to a temperature within or above its critical range and then cooling (or quenching) it rapidly. In any heat-treatment operation, the rate of heating is important. Heat flows from the exterior to the interior of steel at a definite rate. If the steel is heated too quickly, the outside becomes hotter than the inside and the desired uniform structure cannot be obtained. If a piece is irregular in shape, a slow heating rate is essential to prevent warping and cracking. The heavier the section, the longer the heating time must be to achieve uniform results. Even after the correct temperature has been reached, the piece should be held at the temperature for a sufficient period of time to permit its thickest section to attain a uniform temperature. See workhardening.

Materials composed of different elements, with one element normally embedded in another, held together by a compatible binder.

“With aluminum-silicon alloys, there are very hard silicon particles embedded in the aluminum,” Derflinger said. “When you have to cut the material, the silicon content is extremely abrasive and can rip up the carbide tool. Even tooling with typical protective hard coatings can degrade very quickly.”

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Tool-coating process performed at low temperature (500° C), compared to chemical vapor deposition (1,000° C). Employs electric field to generate necessary heat for depositing coating on a tool’s surface. See CVD, chemical vapor deposition.

The Nano coating also works well with abrasive CFRP and GFRP materials. In one example, approximately 380 holes were drilled with a PACVD diamond-coated tool when drilling workpieces made of CFRP and aluminum compared with about 60 holes with an uncoated tool.

In these cases, further hardening carbide cutters with specialty coatings can significantly improve wear resistance and service life. For extremely expensive cutting tools, this not only reduces costs but shortens cycle times. These coatings come in a variety of types, from physical vapor deposition coatings to proprietary diamond coatings.

Balinit Diamond Micro and Nano coatings are examples of PACVD-based diamond coatings formulated specifically for the needs of a range of highly abrasive, nonferrous materials. While both are well suited to machine GFRP, CFRP and ceramics, Micro’s formulation is ideal for graphite.

Tool-coating process performed at low temperature (500° C), compared to chemical vapor deposition (1,000° C). Employs electric field to generate necessary heat for depositing coating on a tool’s surface. See CVD, chemical vapor deposition.

Some manufacturers may be inclined to apply uncoated carbide cutting tools or tools with traditional coatings because of familiarity with such methods. However, those who take advantage of the superior capabilities of high-performance PVD and diamond PACVD coatings will improve part quality and lower production costs, improving the bottom line.

When carbon content in composites or silicon content in aluminum alloys becomes too high, cutting tools typically require a diamond coating to minimize wear. Traditionally, PCD-coated cutting tools have been utilized in such instances. PCD is a composite of diamond particles sintered together with a metallic binder. Diamond is the hardest and therefore most abrasion-resistant material.

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Substances having metallic properties and being composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal.

The PACVD process allows the diamond coating to be applied at thicknesses from 6µm to 12μm, enabling customization to suit the application.

As an alternative, plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition can be used to apply crystalline diamond structures in varying thickness and roughness. This can be highly advantageous for machining CFRP, GFRP, graphite, nonferrous materials and ceramics. The diamond coating extends tool life while improving cutting quality and surface finish. With the PACVD process, a carbide cutting tool is sequentially coated by two different gases in a heated vacuum container assisted by plasma. The alternating cycles that built the atomic layer on the surface and the number of cycles thus control the thickness of the final coating.

The Balinit Hard Carbon coating has high hardness—40 to 50 gigapascals—making it appropriate for applications that require enhanced wear protection. In addition, the thin, smooth application helps maintain sharp cutting edges. For example, at a Malaysian manufacturer producing aluminum hard disk drive baseplates, a coated carbide endmill exhibited less abrasive wear and produced 95% more parts with 55% lower production costs than an uncoated tool.

“Even if the cutting tool is expensive, you can put a hard coating on it and you will get a much better performance out of it,” Derflinger said. “That is why in the future more and more tools are going to have specialty coatings.”

Tool that cuts a sloped depression at the top of a hole to permit a screw head or other object to rest flush with the surface of the workpiece.

He said standard PVD-applied metal-doped carbon coatings have a hardness of up to about 15 GPa whereas “diamondlike” carbon coatings range from 20 to 50 GPa. In comparison, a diamond coating reaches a hardness of 80 to 100 GPa.

Available in two major types: tungsten high-speed steels (designated by letter T having tungsten as the principal alloying element) and molybdenum high-speed steels (designated by letter M having molybdenum as the principal alloying element). The type T high-speed steels containing cobalt have higher wear resistance and greater red (hot) hardness, withstanding cutting temperature up to 1,100º F (590º C). The type T steels are used to fabricate metalcutting tools (milling cutters, drills, reamers and taps), woodworking tools, various types of punches and dies, ball and roller bearings. The type M steels are used for cutting tools and various types of dies.

Ability of the tool to withstand stresses that cause it to wear during cutting; an attribute linked to alloy composition, base material, thermal conditions, type of tooling and operation and other variables.

When it comes to machining very abrasive materials, uncoated carbide tools experience accelerated wear. To increase tool life, high-performance coatings provide a vital protective barrier. He said the ideal coating would have a very hard, protective surface that simultaneously maintains the sharp cutting edges that enable clean, precise cuts while boosting productivity.

In industries like automotive that require strong, lightweight materials, parts are also made of aluminum-silicon alloys. However, the higher the silicon content, the more abrasive the material.

The ideal coating would have a very hard, protective surface that simultaneously maintains the sharp cutting edges. Image courtesy of Oerlikon Balzers

Substance used for grinding, honing, lapping, superfinishing and polishing. Examples include garnet, emery, corundum, silicon carbide, cubic boron nitride and diamond in various grit sizes.

For cutting tools to withstand heavy wear, a specialty coating with a very high resistance to abrasion is needed. Image courtesy of Oerlikon Balzers

In a growing number of industries, including automotive and aerospace, manufacturers continue to place more emphasis on design and weight reduction. Designers subsequently increasingly use composite fiber-reinforced plastics in many parts, but these composites are exceedingly rough on cutting tools.

Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion. There is no absolute scale for hardness. In order to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale, which defines hardness. Indentation hardness obtained through static methods is measured by Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers and Knoop tests. Hardness without indentation is measured by a dynamic method, known as the Scleroscope test.

High-temperature (1,000° C or higher), atmosphere-controlled process in which a chemical reaction is induced for the purpose of depositing a coating 2µm to 12µm thick on a tool’s surface. See coated tools; PVD, physical vapor deposition.

“Within any cutting process, the coating is constantly being removed,” Derflinger said. “The thicker the coating, the longer it takes to wear it off. Once you are into the carbide, the wear is accelerated further. So a thicker coating normally gives a longer tool life, which then lowers manufacturing costs.”

“The problem with the carbon and graphite fibers is that they are very high strength and extremely abrasive,” said Volker Derflinger, senior manager at Balzers, Liechtenstein-based Oerlikon Balzers, which has produced coatings for components and tools for more than 30 years. “For cutting tools to withstand heavy wear, it needs a specialty coating with a very high resistance to abrasion.”

Balinit Hard Carbon by Oerlikon Balzers is deposited on tools to machine nonferrous materials, including aluminum alloys with up to 12% silicon content. Image courtesy of Oerlikon Balzers

Among the PVD options are several carbon-based coatings that provide a unique combination of extreme surface hardness and low friction coefficient properties. One example, Balinit Hard Carbon by Oerlikon Balzers, is suitable for machining nonferrous materials, including aluminum alloys with up to 12% silicon content.

When it comes to machining aluminum alloys, including those with silicon concentrations of 17% or higher and ceramic particles, Nano’s diamond coating can replace more expensive PCD tools. For instance, in an application where a Duralcan composite workpiece composed of ceramic particle-reinforced aluminum materials was drilled, a PACVD diamond-coated cutting tool drilled 20 times more holes compared with even diamond­like carbon coatings.

Cutting tool materials based on aluminum oxide and silicon nitride. Ceramic tools can withstand higher cutting speeds than cemented carbide tools when machining hardened steels, cast irons and high-temperature alloys.

Aluminum containing specified quantities of alloying elements added to obtain the necessary mechanical and physical properties. Aluminum alloys are divided into two categories: wrought compositions and casting compositions. Some compositions may contain up to 10 alloying elements, but only one or two are the main alloying elements, such as copper, manganese, silicon, magnesium, zinc or tin.

Milling cutter held by its shank that cuts on its periphery and, if so configured, on its free end. Takes a variety of shapes (single- and double-end, roughing, ballnose and cup-end) and sizes (stub, medium, long and extra-long). Also comes with differing numbers of flutes.

“As a cost-effective, high-performance alternative, specialized PACVD-based diamond coatings can increase the service life of the tool,” Derflinger said.

“The Hard Carbon coating works on CFRP and GFRP but only when the fiber content is on the lower side,” Derflinger said. “The more fiber content, the more abrasive the material is, and then you need an even harder coating.”

Cutting tool material consisting of natural or synthetic diamond crystals bonded together under high pressure at elevated temperatures. PCD is available as a tip brazed to a carbide insert carrier. Used for machining nonferrous alloys and nonmetallic materials at high cutting speeds.