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Mediumcarbon steel microstructure

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High carbon steelproperties

There is evidence of large-scale nail making from the Romans era, 2000 years ago. In the UK, where many Roman villa sites have been excavated, ancient nails have been found. At the fortress of Inchtuthil in Perthshire, 875,000 nails weighing 7 tonnes were found.

Bai, Jiaojiao, Wanli Zhang, Yuhui Wang, Cunyu Wang, Xingpin Chen, Zhiyue Shi, Hui Wang, and Wenquan Cao. 2021. "On the Unique Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-High Carbon Bearing Steel Alloyed with Different Aluminum Contents" Metals 11, no. 7: 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071116

High carbon steel microstructurediagram

Bai J, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wang C, Chen X, Shi Z, Wang H, Cao W. On the Unique Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-High Carbon Bearing Steel Alloyed with Different Aluminum Contents. Metals. 2021; 11(7):1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071116

By the 1900’s, the first coils of steel wire were produced. Automatically produced wire rails could be made without human intervention and were cheaper to produce. These thinner nails do not have as much holding power as the previous hand made nails, however with modern construction methods, this did not matter as much. The wire nail quickly became the nail of choice for construction projects.

High carbon steel microstructureexamples

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Bai, J.; Zhang, W.; Wang, Y.; Wang, C.; Chen, X.; Shi, Z.; Wang, H.; Cao, W. On the Unique Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-High Carbon Bearing Steel Alloyed with Different Aluminum Contents. Metals 2021, 11, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071116

History doesn't name the person who first joined two pieces of wood with a sharp implement, but the results of that discovery are all around us. From the desk you sit at, to the bridge you cross on the way home, and every building and man made structure you can see. The creation of the nail has changed our lives forever.

High carbon steel microstructurewikipedia

This traditional design has the benefit of four sharp edges which cut deep into timber. When the wood fibres are damp they swell and bind around the nail, ensuring an extremely strong fixing.

In the late 1700s, a machine was designed to automate the process of nail production. This machine had three essential stages: first, a triangular strip of metal was cut, giving the desired width of the nail; next, a lever held the metal in place, and then a third lever formed the head. The metal was then turned through 180 degrees to cut the next equal and opposite nail shape off the strip. These are known as cut nails.

High carbon steel microstructurepdf

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Lowcarbon steel microstructure

Nails have been used since the Bronze age and many acheological sites have found hand forged nails that were used to hold pieces of wood together.

With recent home renovation trends, and the desire to preserve authentic period details, hand forged nails are once again on trend. The individual hand-made look of these nails is ideal for period properties and traditional style homes. Perfect for doors, upholstery or floor boards.

Blacksmiths heat iron ore with carbon to form a dense mass of metal, which is then placed into the shape of square rods and left to cool. After re-heating the rod, the blacksmith cut the nail length off and hammer all four sides of the softened end to form a sharp point. The hot nail is then inserted into a hole in the anvil and, with four strikes of the hammer, the blacksmith forms the rose head.

Abstract: In this study, ultra-high-carbon steels with 1.4% carbon content alloyed with three different aluminum contents, 2.0%, 4.0% and 6.0%, were studied on their tempering stability and temperature resistance. The results showed that the addition of Al significantly enhanced the tempering stability and temperature resistance of ultra-high-carbon steel. The addition of Al inhibited the transformation of ε-carbide to cementite, suppressed the transition of martensite to ferrite and thus, endowed ultra-high carbon steels to maintain very high hardness during tempering within a wide range of temperature up to 500 °C. The present work provides a useful basis on which to develop bearing steel materials with low density and high hardness. Keywords: Al content; ultra-high-carbon steel; tempering stability; temperature resistance