The downside of case hardening is that it can make the surface more brittle, so it isn’t suitable for objects that will slide against abrasive surfaces.

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Types of hardened steel

Heat treatment refers to the process of heating or cooling materials such as steel or glass, in order to alter their properties in some way. The result of heat treating is usually a hardening or softening of the material.

Flame hardening is a process that hardens the outer layer of a steel alloy. It involves heating the surface to high temperatures under a flame.

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Case hardening is also sometimes referred to as face hardening, especially when applied to metals that are to be used for military-grade armour.

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Through hardening increases the hardness and strength of steel alloys throughout the metal structure, not just the exterior as with case hardening.

The steel used must have a carbon content of more than 0.35% for the process to work. The resulting metal has high strength and wear resistance, but maintains ductility in its core.

Hardening steel temperature

Drill Bit Size Chart Drill Size Diameter (inches) Diameter (mm)   Drill Size   Diameter (inches)  Diameter (mm)    Drill Size   Diameter (inches)  Diameter (mm) #107 0.0019 0.0483   #26 0.147 3.7338   X  0.397 10.0838 0.05 mm 0.002 0.05   #25 0.1495 3.7973   Y 0.404 10.2616 #106 0.0023 0.0584   3.8 mm 0.1496 3.8   13/32 in 0.4063 10.3188 #105 0.0027 0.0686   #24 0.152 3.8608   Z 0.413 10.4902 #104 0.0031 0.0787   3.9 mm 0.1535 3.9   10.5 mm 0.4134 10.5 #103 0.0035 0.0889   #23 0.154 3.9116   27/64 in 0.4219 10.7156 #102 0.0039 0.0991   5/32 in 0.1563 3.9688   11 mm 0.4331 11 0.1 mm 0.0039 0.0991   #22 0.157 3.9878   7/16 in 0.4375 11.1125 #101 0.0043 0.1092   4 mm 0.1575 4   11.5 mm 0.4528 11.5 #100 0.0047 0.1194   #21 0.159 4.0386   29/64 in 0.4531 11.5094 #99 0.0051 0.1295   #20 0.161 4.0894   15/32 in 0.4688 11.9063 #98 0.0055 0.1397   4.1 mm 0.1614 4.1   12 mm 0.4724 12 #97 0.0059 0.1499   4.2 mm 0.1654 4.2   31/64 in 0.4844 12.3031 #96 0.0063 0.16   #19 0.166 4.2164   12.5 mm 0.4921 12.5 #95 0.0067 0.1702   4.3 mm 0.1693 4.3   1/2 in 0.5 12.7 #94 0.0071 0.1803   #18 0.1695 4.3053   13 mm 0.5118 13 #93 0.0075 0.1905   11/64 in 0.1719 4.3656   33/64 in 0.5156 13.0969 0.2 mm 0.0079 0.2   #17 0.173 4.3942   17/32 in 0.5313 13.4938 #92 0.0079 0.2007   4.4 mm 0.1732 4.4   13.5 mm 0.5315 13.5 #91 0.0083 0.2108   #16 0.177 4.4958   35/64 in 0.5469 13.8906 #90 0.0087 0.221   4.5 mm 0.1772 4.5   14 mm 0.5512  14 #89 0.0091 0.2311   #15 0.18 4.572   9/16 in 0.5625 14.2875 #88 0.0095 0.2413   4.6 mm 0.1811 4.6   14.5 mm 0.5709 14.5 #87 0.01 0.254   #14 0.182 4.6228   37/64 in 0.5781 14.6844 #86 0.0105 0.2667   #13 0.185 4.699   15 mm 0.5906 15 #85 0.011 0.2794   4.7 mm 0.185 4.7   19/32 in 0.5938 15.0813 #84 0.0115 0.2921   3/16 in 0.1875 4.7625   39/64 in 0.6094 15.4781 0.3 mm 0.0118 0.3   4.8 mm 0.189 4.8   15.5 mm 0.6102 15.5 #83 0.012 0.3048   #12 0.189 4.8006   5/8 in 0.625 15.875 #82 0.0125 0.3175   #11 0.191 4.8514   16 mm 0.6299 16 #81 0.013 0.3302   4.9 mm 0.1929 4.9   41/64 in 0.6406 16.2719 #80 0.0135 0.3429   #10 0.1935 4.9149   16.5 mm 0.6496 16.5 #79 0.0145 0.368   #9 0.196 4.9784   17 mm 0.6693 17 1/64 in 0.0156 0.3969   5 mm 0.1969 5   43/64 in 0.6719 7.0656 0.4 mm 0.0158 0.4   #8 0.199 5.0546   11/16 in 0.6875 17.4625 #78 0.016 0.4064   5.1 mm 0.2008 5.1   17.5 mm 0.689 17.5 #77 0.018 0.4572   #7 0.201 5.1054   45/64 in 0.7031 17.8594 0.5 mm 0.0197 0.5   13/64 in 0.2031 5.1594   18 mm 0.7087 18 #76 0.02 0.508   #6 0.204 5.1816   23/32 in 0.7188 18.2563 #75 0.021 0.5334   5.2 mm 0.2047 5.2   18.5 mm 0.7284 18.5  #74 0.0225 0.5715   #5 0.2055 5.2197   47/64 in 0.7344 18.6531 0.6 mm 0.0236 0.6   5.3 mm 0.2087 5.3   19 mm 0.748 19 #73 0.024 0.6096   #4 0.209 5.3086   3/4 in 0.75 19.05 #72 0.025 0.635   5.4 mm 0.2126 5.4   49/64 in 0.7656 19.4469 #71 0.026 0.6604   #3 0.213 5.4102   19.5 mm 0.7677 19.5 0.7 mm 0.0276 0.7   5.5 mm 0.2165 5.5   25/32 in 0.7813 19.8438 #70 0.028 0.7112   7/32 in 0.2188 5.5563   20 mm 0.7874 20 #69 0.0292 0.7417   5.6 mm 0.2205 5.6   51/64 in 0.7969 20.2406 #68 0.031 0.7874   #2 0.221 5.6134   20.5 mm 0.8071 20.5 1/32 in 0.0313 0.7938   5.7 mm 0.2244 5.7   13/16 in 0.8125 20.6375 0.8mm 0.0315 0.8   #1 0.228 5.7912   21 mm 08268 21 #67 0.032 0.8128   5.8 mm 0.2284 5.8   53/64 in 0.8281 21.0344 #66 0.033 0.8382   5.9 mm 0.2323 5.9   27/32 in 0.8438 21.4313 #65 0.035 0.889   A 0.234 5.9436   21.5 mm 0.8465 21.5 0.9 mm 0.0354 0.9   15/64 in 0.2344 5.9531   55/64 in 0.8594 21.8281 #64 0.036 0.9144   6 mm 0.2362 6   22 mm 0.8661 22 #63 0.037 0.9398   B 0.238 6.0452   7/8 in 0.875 22.225 #62 0.038 0.9652   6.1 mm 0.2402 6.1   22.5 mm 0.8858 22.5 #61 0.039 0.9906   C 0.242 6.1468   57/64 in 0.8906 22.6219 1 mm 0.0394 1   6.2 mm 0.2441 6.2   23 mm 0.9055 23 #60 0.04 1.016   D 0.246 6.2484    29/32 in 0.9063 23.0188 #59 0.041 1.0414   6.3 mm 0.248 6.3   21/23 in 0.913 23.1913 #58 0.042 1.0668   1/4 in  0.25 6.35   59/64 in 0.9219 23.4156 #57 0.043 1.0922   E 0.25 6.35   23.5 mm 0.9252 23.5 1.1 mm 0.0433 1.1   6.4 mm 0.252 6.4   15/16 in 0.9375 23.8125 #56 0.0465 1.1811   6.5 mm 0.2559 6.5   24 mm 0.9449 24 3/64 in 0.0469 1.1906   F 0.257 6.5278   61/64 in 0.9531 24.2094 1.2 mm 0.0472 1.2   6.6 mm 0.2598 6.6   24.5 mm 0.9646 24.5 1.3 mm 0.0512 1.3   G 0.261 6.6294   31/32 in 0.9688 24.6063 #55 0.052 1.3208   6.7 mm 0.2638 6.7   25 mm 0.9843 25 #54 0.055 1.397   17/64 in 0.2656 6.7469   63/64 in 0.9844 25.0031 1.4 mm 0.0551 1.4   H 0.266 6.7564   1 in 1 25.4 1.5 mm 0.0591 1.5   6.8 mm 0.2677 6.8   25.5 mm 1.0039 25.5 #53 0.0595 1.5113   6.9 mm 0.2717 6.9   1-1/64 in 1.0156 25.7969 1/16 in 0.0625 1.5875   I 0.272 6.9088   26 mm 1.0236 26 1.6 mm 0.063 1.6   7 mm 0.2756 7   1-1/32 in 1.0313 26.1938 #52 0.0635 1.6129   J 0.277 7.0358   26.5 mm 1.0433 26.5 1.7 mm 0.0669 1.7   7.1 mm 0.2795 7.1   1-3/64 in 1.0469 26.5906 #51 0.067 1.7018   K 0.281 7.1374   1-1/16 in 1.0625 26.9875 #50 0.07 1.778   9/32 in 0.2813 7.1438   27 mm 1.063 27 1.8 mm 0.0709 1.8   7.2 mm 0.2835 7.2   1-5/64 in 1.0781 27.3844 #49 0.073 1.8542   7.3 mm 0.2874 7.3   27.5 mm 1.0827 27.5 1.9 mm 0.0748 1.9   L 0.29 7.366   1-3/32 in 1.0938 27.7813 #48 0.076 1.9304   7.4 mm 0.2913 7.4   28 mm 1.1024 28 5/64 in 0.0781 1.9844   M 0.295 7.493   1-7/64 in 1.1094 28.1781 #47 0.0785 1.9939   7.5 mm 0.2953 7.5   28.5 mm 1.1221 28.5 2 mm 0.0787 2   19/64 in 0.2969 7.5406   1-1/8 in 1.125 28.575 #46 0.081  2.0574   7.6 mm 0.2992 7.6   1-9/64 in 1.1406 28.9719 #45 0.082 2.0828   N 0.302 7.6708   29 mm 1.1417 29 2.1 mm 0.0827 2.1   7.7 mm 0.3032 7.7   1-5/32 in 1.1563 29.3688 #44 0.086 2.1844   7.8 mm 0.3071 7.8   29.5 mm 1.1614 29.5 2.2 mm 0.0866 2.2   7.9 mm 0.311 7.9   1-11/64 in 1.1719 29.7656 #43 0.089 2.2606   5/16 in 0.3125 7.9375   30 mm 1.1811 30 2.3 mm 0.0906 2.3   8 mm 0.315 8   1-3/16 in 1.1875 30.1625 #42 0.0935 2.3749   O  0.316 8.0264   30.5 mm 1.2008 30.5 3/32 in 0.0938 2.3813    8.1 mm  0.3189 8.1   1-13/64 in 1.2031 30.5594 2.4 mm 0.0945 2.4   8.2 mm  0.3228 8.2   1-7/32 in 1.2188  30.9563 #41 0.096 2.4384   P 0.323 8.2042   31 mm 1.2205 31 #40 0.098 2.4892   8.3 mm 0.3268 8.3   1-15/64 in 1.2344 31.3531 2.5 mm 0.0984 2.5    21/64 in 0.3281 8.3344   31.5 mm 1.2402  31.5 #39 0.0995 2.5273   8.4 mm 0.3307 8.4    1-1/4 in 1.25 31.75 #38 0.1015 2.5781   Q 0.332  8.4328   32 mm 1.2598 32 2.6 mm 0.1024 2.6   8.5 mm 0.3347 8.5   1-17/64 in 1.2656 32.1469 #37 0.104   2.6416   8.6 mm 0.3386 8.6   32.5 mm 1.2795 32.5 2.7 mm 0.1063  2.7   R 0.339 8.6106   1-9/32 in 1.2813 32.5438 #36 0.1065 2.7051   8.7 mm 0.3425 8.7   1-19/64 in 1.2969  32.9406 7/64 in 0.1094 2.7781   11/32 in 0.3438 8.7313   33 mm 1.2992 33 #35 0.11  2.794   8.8 mm 0.3465 8.8   1-5/16 in  1.3125  33.3375  2.8 mm 0.1102 2.8   S 0.348 8.8392   33.5 mm 1.3189 33.5 #34 0.111 2.8194   8.9 mm  0.3504  8.9   1-21/64 in 1.3281 33.7344 #33 0.113 2.8702   9  0.3543 9   34 mm 1.3386 34 2.9 mm 0.1142 2.9   T  0.358  9.0932   1-11/32 in 1.3438 34.1313 #32 0.116 2.9464    9.1 mm 0.3583 9.1   34.5 mm 1.3583 34.5 3 mm 0.1181  3   23/64 in 0.3594 9.1281   1-23/64 in 1.3594 34.5281 #31  0.12 3.048    9.2 mm 0.3622 9.2   1-3/8 in 1.375 34.925 3.1 mm 0.1221 3.1    9.3 mm 0.3661 9.3   35 mm 1.378 35 1/8 in 0.125 3.175   U 0.368 9.3472   1-25/64 in 1.3906 35.3219 3.2 mm 0.126  3.2   9.4 mm 0.3701 9.4   1-3/8 in 1.375 34.925 #30 0.1285 3.2639   9.5 mm  0.374 9.5   35 mm 1.378 35 3.3 mm 0.1299 3.3   3/8 in  0.375 9.525   1-25/64 in 1.3906 35.3219 3.4 mm 0.1339 3.4   V 0.377 9.5758   35.5 mm 1.3976 35.5 #29 0.136 3.4544   9.6 mm 0.378 9.6   1-13/32 in 1.4063 35.7188  3.5 mm 0.1378 3.5   9.7 mm 0.3819 9.7    36 mm 1.4173 36 #28 0.1405 3.5687   9.8 mm 0.3858 9.8   1-27/64 in 1.4219 36.1156 9/64 in 0.1406 3.5719   W 0.386   9.8044   36.5 mm 1.437 36.5 3.6 mm 0.1417  3.6    9.9 mm 0.3898 9.9   1-7/16 in 1.4375 36.5125 #27 0.144 3.6576    25/64 in  0.3906 9.9219   1-29/64 in 1.4531 36.9094 3.7 mm 0.1457  3.7    10 mm 0.3937 10   37 mm  1.4567 37 The drill bit size chart provides equivalent sizes for letter, metric, wire gauge, and fractional drill bit sizes, allowing the user to select the correct drill bit for their project.

Case hardening increases the lifespan of the steel and improves resistance to fatigue. For these reasons, it is often used to strengthen:

The process is sometimes referred to as case carburisation. The steel is usually a soft, low-carbon one that needs strengthening.

Several industrial processes can be used to case harden steel, the main one being flame or induction hardening. This involves heating the surface to an extremely high temperature, then cooling it rapidly which creates an outer case of martensite, providing the needed carbon and hardness.

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What is hardening process in heat treatment

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What is hardened steel used for

The resulting steel alloy is strong, hard, wear-resistant and less ductile than in its normal state. The main applications are:

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The most common steel alloys used for through hardening are 4140 and 4340 high tensile alloys as they yield an optimal amount of strength and hardness.

When it reaches its critical temperature, the alloy is quenched in water or a synthetic substance to quickly harden the surface to a depth between 1 and 10mm.

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At ISO:9001 certified Challenge Engineering, we can advise you on the best type of heat treatment for your custom parts. Call (02) 9632 0010 or visit www.challengecnc.com.au, complete our Request for Quote form or Contact Form.

The drill bit size chart provides equivalent sizes for letter, metric, wire gauge, and fractional drill bit sizes, allowing the user to select the correct drill bit for their project.

Types of hardening process

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Another closely related method of hardening is known as induction hardening, which involves heating and strengthening the steel by running an alternating current through the structure, rather than applying a flame.

As the title of the process suggests, this hardening technique is used to strengthen by creating a tough outer case on the surface of the steel, while keeping a normal level of hardness and ductility in the interior. This is achieved by adding extra carbon or nitrogen to the outer layer of the steel (or iron).

This article will concentrate on the industrial hardening of steel, which is carried out using one of three main techniques. If you have further questions please do contact us at Challenge Engineering, CNC Machining Sydney.

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We’ll look at each individually, what they involve, and some of the applications of the hardened steel that is produced in each case.

This technique requires a specialist furnace-like machine to reach the high temperatures and is carried out in an industrial setting.

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