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Materials for dies and molds include tool steels with carbon or chromium content, as well as die steel, high-speed steel, and cemented carbide. Recently, ceramics have also been adopted as a material. Materials used for dies and molds are mostly hard and difficult to cut. For this reason, dies and molds are cut using machining centers or other NC machining tools, but the products generally go through subsequent processes such as grinding for added precision. Furthermore, electrical discharge machining is used to produce dies and molds with even greater detail. Electrical discharge machining uses sparks from an electrical discharge to melt the surface of the workpiece during machining. Not only is this method capable of producing precision metalworking, it also supports the creation of complex three-dimensional shapes.
Tungsten steelvstungstencarbide
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What istungsten steelused for
White and Taylor developed the type T1 series of tungsten high-speed steels. In the early 1900s, they discovered that certain steels exhibited red hardness and such steels comprised more than 14% W, about 0.3% V and about 4% Cr. T1 in its earliest form contained about 18% W, 0.68% C, 0.3% V and 4% Cr. An increase in the quantity of vanadium was seen by 1920. The carbon content of most steels also increased to approximately 0.75% over the years.
aGroup W contains 0.025 max S, 0.20 max Cu and 0.025 max P. Other steels except group W contain 0.03 max S, 0.25 max Cu and 0.03 max P. Where specified, sulfur may be increased to 06 to 0.15% in order to improve machinability of group A, D, H, M, and T steels.
Tungsten and steelalloy
Tungsten high-speed steels have good wear resistance and high red hardness. The maximum hardness of group T steels differs according to the carbon content and also the alloy content. A minimum hardness of 64.5 HRC can be imparted to all types of high-speed steels. Types such as T15 can be hardened to 67 HRC as they have high carbide and carbon content (1.55%). Hence T15 is considered as the most wear-resistant steel of the tungsten high-speed steel series. Tungsten high-speed steels comprising more than 1.0% C and 1.5% V produce a high number of wear-resistant hard carbides in the microstructure due to the presence of high carbon and alloy content. Tungsten high-speed steels are deep hardening when they are quenched from their hardening temperature of 1205 to 1300°C (2200 to 2375°F). Solid tools such as cold extrusion punches and broaches with large diameters are made from tungsten high-speed steels. Full hardness is provided for tools with large diameters using an accelerated oil quench.
The tungsten series include the T1 to T15 class alloys. Tungsten is a good carbide former that prevents grain growth, enhances toughness and increases red hardness and high temperature strength. Tungsten is used in hot forming tool steels and high-speed steels.
Tungsten steelcomposition
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Tungsten steelvs stainlesssteel
Molds and dies are tools that are essential to mass production in present-day manufacturing. Both are key elements in manufacturing―for example, molds are used in injection molding to shape resin as well as in casting, and dies are used in stamping. Today’s techniques are able to create micron-order precision molds and dies, contributing to the mass production of products with the same shape and quality in a wide range of areas. Dies and molds are both tools for shaping. Dies are used to shape sheet metal and other metal forms. A typical application is the making of automobile body parts. On the other hand, molds are used in injection molding such as with melted resin or casting molten metal.
The proliferation of machining centers makes it seem like die making is possible for anyone with the right equipment. However, die manufacturing is still considered a high-skill task due to the need to have techniques and skills that cover the entire process, including CAD designing, the selection of materials and machining methods, and performing minute machining that cannot be done through automated procedures. Furthermore, even shorter turnarounds for die delivery are requested nowadays as product lifecycles are shorter and production includes smaller lots of numerous items. On another note, the emergence of 3D printers is expected to drastically change the way dies and molds are manufactured. Today, further innovations in mold and die technology are imperative.
High-speed tool steels are capable of being hardened to 62 - 67 HRC and their hardness can be maintained at service temperatures up to 540°C (1004°F). This makes them suitable for use in high-speed machinery.
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Tungsten Steelprice
Tungsten and steelproperties
The most significant alloying elements found in tungsten high-speed steels include carbon, tungsten, cobalt, chromium and vanadium. Tungsten high-speed steels contain 4% chromium. T4 and T15 are the cobalt-base tungsten varieties that contain different amounts of cobalt. The T1 type of tungsten high-speed steels is free of cobalt or molybdenum.
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The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) has classified high-speed tool steels into about 40 individual categories. This classification system uses a T for referring to steels in which tungsten the primary alloying element. The letter T is followed by a number which distinguishes each of the tungsten tool steels ranging between T1 and T15.
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High-speed steels are tool steels that find applications in machine tools that have high rates of material removal. Tungsten high-speed steels (group T) and molybdenum high-speed steels (group M) are two types of high-speed steels. These two groups of high-speed steels have similar hardening abilities and other characteristics.