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Millingmacro wotlk

Ononiwu NH, Ozoegwu CG, Akinribide OJ, Akinlabi ET (2021) Effect of particle size on the microstructure and distribution of fly ash for metal matrix composite applications. Mater Today Proc 44(1):1118–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.227

Step 1 – Clamp the drill guide jig on the workpiece where you want to make a hole. Remember, first, we need to make the countersink hole, so align the large hole of the jig first.

A: Aim for 45 degrees, but remember, the exact angle may vary slightly. The key is to ensure it’s consistent across your project.

Hassan A, Arif M, Shariq M (2019) Use of geopolymer concrete for a cleaner and sustainable environment—a review of mechanical properties and microstructure. J Clean Prod 223:704–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.051

European Norm EN 196-1: Methods of testing cement. Part 1: determination of strength, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing, Czech Republic, 2016

Huseien GF, Tahir MM, Mirza J, Ismail M, Shah KW, Asaad MA (2018) Effects of POFA replaced with FA on durability properties of GBFS included alkali activated mortars. Constr Build Mater 175:174–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.166

Puertas F, de Gutiérrez R, Fernández-Jiménez A, Delvasto S, Maldonado J (2002) Alkaline cement mortars. Chemical resistance to sulfate and seawater attack. Mater Constr 52(267):55–71. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2002.v52.i267.326

Rodríguez E, Bernal S, de Gutiérrez RM, Puertas F (2008) Alternative concrete based on alkali-activated slag. Mater Constr 58(291):53–67. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2008.v58.i291.104

Hajimohammadi A, van Deventer JSJ (2017) Characterisation of one-part geopolymer binders made from fly ash. Waste Biomass Valoriz 8:225–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9582-5

Yang B, Jang JG (2020) Environmentally benign production of one-part alkali-activated slag with calcined oyster shell as an activator. Constr Build Mater 257(2):119552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119552

Hany E, Fouad N, Abdel-Wahab M, Sadek E (2020) Compressive strength of mortars incorporating alkali-activated materials as partial or full replacement of cement. Constr Build Mater 261:120518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120518

Department of Thermal Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Kumar S, Kumar R, Bandopadhyay A, Alex TC, Kumar BR, Das SK, Mehrotra SP (2008) Mechanical activation of granulated blast furnace slag and its effect on the properties and structure of portland slag cement. Cem Concr Compos 30:679–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.05.005

Hossain MM, Karim MR, Hossain MK, Islam MN, Zain MFM (2015) Durability of mortar and concrete containing alkali-activated binder with pozzolans: a review. Constr Build Mater 93:95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.094

Duxson P, Provis JL (2008) Designing precursors for geopolymer cements. J Am Ceram Soc 91(12):3864–3869. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02787.x

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Kubba Z, Huseien GF, Sam ARM, Shah KW, Asaad MA, Ismail M, Tahir MM, Mirza J (2018) Impact of curing temperatures and alkaline activators on compressive strengthand porosity of ternary blended geopolymer mortars. Case Stud Constr Mater 9:e00205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00205

With this method, you can easily make a pilot hole to drive a screw at an angle. Remember, with the free hand drill, accuracy isn’t guaranteed and depends on the person’s experience.

Pangdaeng S, Phoo-ngernkham T, Sata V, Chindaprasirt P (2014) Influence of curing conditions on properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer containing Portland cement as additive. Mater Des 53:269–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.07.018

Kumar R, Kumar S, Mehrotra SP (2007) Towards sustainable solutions for fly ash through mechanical activation. Resour Conserv Recycl 52:157–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.007

Blanco F, Garcia MP, Ayla J, Mayoral G, Garcia MA (2006) The effect of mechanical and chemical activated fly ashes on mortar properties. Fuel 85:2018–2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.03.031

Chaparro WA, Ruiz JHB, de Jesús Torres Gómez R (2012) Corrosion of reinforcing bars embedded in alkali-activated slag concrete subjected to chloride attack. Mater Res 15(1):57–62. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392011005000096

This technique is fantastic for consistently drilling perfect 45-degree holes. You will need a wood piece cut at a 45-degree angle, which will work as a guide for our workpiece. You can make this wood piece by cutting with a miter saw, circular saw, or simply with a tenon saw and miter box.

Luukkonen T, Abdollahnejad Z, Yliniemi J, Kinnunen P, Illikainen M (2018) Comparison of alkali and silica sources in one-part alkali-activated blast furnace slag mortar. J Clean Prod 187:171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.202

Guo X, Shi H, Dick WA (2010) Compressive strength and microstructural characteristics of class C fly ash geopolymer. Cem Concr Compos 32(2):142–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.11.003

Bakharev T, Sanjayana JG, Chengb YB (2002) Sulfate attack on alkali-activated slag concrete. Cem Concr Res 32:211–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00659-7

Rashad AM (2014) A comprehensive overview about the influence of different admixtures and additives on the properties of alkali-activated fly ash. Mater Des 53:1005–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.07.074

Felekoğlu B, Türkel S, Kalyoncu H (2009) Optimization of fineness to maximize the strength activity of high-calcium ground fly ash—Portland cement composites. Constr Build Mater 23:2053–2061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.08.024

Fly ash and granulated blast-furnace slag can be considered "multifunctional waste." This study is focused on properties of a non-cement binder prepared from slag and fly ash activated by solid alkali activator. Fly ash was milled (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 min) in order to increase its reactivity, and particle size distribution, specific surface area, and grain morphology were determined for all milled FA samples. Two GBFS + FA mixtures (70:30 and 85:15 w/w) were studied. Prepared mixtures were activated by solid alkali activator (Na2SiO3). Optimal weight ratios were calculated for CaO, SiO2, and Al2O3 components. Properties of the mixtures were studied in dependence on the GBFS:FA mass ratio and FA milling time (0–7.5 min). After 2 and 28 days of hydration, compressive strength of all mixtures exceeded 20 and 60 MPa, respectively. The 85:15 ratio led to generally higher compressive strength 108.3 MPa was reached after 90 days using FA milled for 7.5 min. Corrosion resistance was tested by exposing mixtures to distilled water, 0.5% HCl, and 3% Na2SO4 for 65 days, and evaluated by measuring changes in CS. Also the corrosion resistance was found higher (Na2SO4) than and comparable (HCl, water) to the 70:30 ratio. This study aims to show that GBFS + FA mixtures (70:30 and 85:15 w/w) activated by solid Na2SiO3 can achieve high CS and good corrosion resistance.

Kumar S, Bandopadhyay A, Rajinikanth V, Alex TC, Kumar R (2004) Improved processing of blended cement through mechanical activation. J Mater Sci 39:3449–3452. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000026948.85440.cc

Temuujin J, Williams RP, Van Riessen A (2009) Effect of mechanical activation of fly ash on the properties of geopolymer cured at ambient temperature. J Mater Process Technol 209(12–13):5276–5280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.03.016

MassMill wow

Huseien GF, Mohd Sam AR, Alyousef R (2020) Texture, morphology and strength performance of self-compacting alkali-activated concrete: role of fly ash as GBFS replacement. Constr Build Mater 270:121368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121368

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Bernal SA, Rodriguez ED, de Gutierrez RM, Provis JL (2012) Performance of alkali-activated slag mortars exposed to acids. J Adv Cem Based Mater 1(3):138–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2012.747235

Kumar S, Kumar R, Mehrotra SP (2010) Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on the reaction, structure and properties of fly ash based geopolymer. J Mater Sci 45(3):607–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3934-5

Vargas AS, Molin DC, Vilelac ACF, da Silva FJ, Pavão B, Veit H (2011) The effects of Na2O/SiO2 molar ratio, curing temperature and age on compressive strength, morphology and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash-based geopolymers. Cem Concr Compos 33(6):653–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.03.006

Huseien GF, Mirza J, Ismail M, Hussin MW (2016) Influence of different curing temperatures and alkali activators on properties of GBFS geopolymer mortars containing fly ash and palm-oil fuel ash. Constr Build Mater 125:1229–1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.153

Tang XY, Xiao J, Chen F (2006) Effect and research progress of acid deposition on concrete durability. Mater Rev 20(10):97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.08.019

Alrefaei Y, Wang YS, Dai JG (2021) Effect of mixing method on the performance of alkali-activated fly ash/slag pastes along with polycarboxylate admixture. Cem Concr Compos 117:103917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103917

Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic

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Luukkonen T, Abdollahnejad Z, Yliniemi Y, Kinnunen P, Illikainen M (2014) One-part alkali-activated materials: a review. Cem Concr Res 103:21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.10.001

Komljenović M, Baščarević Z, Bradić V (2010) Mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated fly ash geopolymers. J Hazard Mater 181(1–3):35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.064

Chi M, Huang R (2013) Binding mechanism and properties of alkali-activated fly ash/slag mortars. Constr Build Mater 40:291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.003

White SC, Case ED (1990) Characterization of fly ash from coal-fired power plants. J Mater Sci 25:5215–5219. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00580153

Kanti P, Sharma KV, Ramachandra CG, Minea AA (2020) Effect of ball milling on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of Indian coal fly ash nanofluid. Heat Transf 49(8):4475–4490. https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.21836

Fernández-Jiménez A, Garcia-Lodeiro I, Maltseva O, Palomo A (2019) Mechanical-chemical activation of coal fly ashes: an effective way for recycling and make cementitious materials. Front Mater 6:51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2019.00051

Yazdi MA, Liebscher M, Hempel S, Yang J, Mechtcherine V (2018) Correlation of microstructural and mechanical properties of geopolymers produced from fly ash and slag at room temperature. Constr Build Mater 191:330–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.037

Palomo A, Krivenko PV, Garcia-Lodeiro L, Kavalerova E, Maltseva O, Fernández-Jiménez A (2014) A review on alkaline activation: new analytical perspectives. Mater Construct. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2014.00314

Zhang J, Shi C, Zhang Z, Ou Z (2017) Durability of alkali-activated materials in aggressive environments: a review on recent studies. Constr Build Mater 152:598–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.027

A: While these techniques are primarily for woodworking. Working with metal is more challenging; we will discuss it in another post.

Li H, Chen Y, Cao Y, Liu G, Li B (2015) Comparative study on the characteristics of ball-milled coal fly ash. J Therm Anal Calorim 124:839–846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5160-5

Paul KT, Satpathy SK, Manna I, Chakraborty KK, Nando GB (2007) Preparation and characterization of nanostructured materials from fly ash: a waste from thermal power stations, by high energy ball milling. Nanoscale Res Lett 2:397–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-007-9074-4

Chindaprasirt P, Jaturapitakkul C, Sinsiri T (2005) Effect of fly ash fineness on compressive strength and pore size of blended cement paste. Cem Concr Compos 27:425–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.07.003

Mass millingguide

Chu YS, Davaabal B, Kim DS, Seo SK, Kim Y, Ruescher C, Temuujin J (2019) Reactivity of fly ashes milled in different milling devices. Rev Adv Mater Sci 58:179–188. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2019-0028

Wang A, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Liu K, Li Y, Shi L, Sun D (2020) The durability of alkali-activated materials in comparison with ordinary Portland cements and concretes: a review. Engineering 6(6):695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.08.019

Ismail I, Bernal AS, Provis JL, Nicolas SR, Hamdan S, Van Deventer JSJ (2014) Modification of phase evolution in alkali-activated blast furnace slag by the incorporation of fly ash. Cem Concr Compos 45:125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.006

Komljenović M, Baščarević Z, Marjanović N, Miladinović Z, Petrović R (2015) The influence of fly ash characteristics and reaction conditions on strength and structure of geopolymers. Constr Build Mater 94:361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.014

Hitesh, Wattal R, Surabhi L (2021) Development and characterization of coal fly ash through low-energy ball milling. Mater Today Proc 47(11):2970–2975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.204

A: While specialized tools like an angle jig and drill guide, most of these techniques can be executed with standard drill bits and clamps.

European Norm EN 196-6: Methods of testing cement—Part 6: determination of fineness, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing, Czech Republic, 2019

Oderji SY, Chen B, Ahmad MR, Shah SFA (2009) Fresh and hardened properties of one-part fly ash-based geopolymer binders cured at room temperature: effect of slag and alkali activators. J Clean Prod 225:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.290

Pacheco-Torgal F, Castro-Gomes J, Jalali S (2008) Alkali-activated binders: a review: Part 1. Historical background, terminology, reaction mechanisms and hydration products. Constr Build Mater 22(7):1305–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.015

Vlček J, Švrčinová R, Burda J, Topinková M, Klárová M, Ovčačíková H, Jančar D, Velička M (2016) Hydraulic properties of ladle slag. Metalurgija 55(3):399–402

Krivenko P (2017) Why alkaline activation—60 years of the theory and practice of alkali-activated materials. J Ceram Sci Technol 8(3):323–334. https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2017-00042

Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A (2003) Characterisation of fly ashes. Potential React Alkaline Cem Fuel 82(18):2259–2265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00194-7

This work was supported by Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic via the “Institute of Environmental Technology—Excellent Research” project [Grant Number CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000853]; the “Research on the management of waste, materials and other products of metallurgy and related sectors” project [Grant Number CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_049/0008426]; and the SGS projects [Grant Numbers SP2022/13 and SP2022/68].

Step 1 – Set the angle jig to your drill press and clamp it so it doesn’t move. It’s permanently set at 45 degrees, which makes it easier to drill multiple holes quickly.

Puligilla S, Mondal P (2013) Role of slag in microstructural development and hardening of fly ash-slag geopolymer. Cem Concr Res 43:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.10.004

Petrakis E, Karmali V, Bartzas G, Komnitsas K (2019) Grinding kinetics of slag and effect of final particle size on the compressive strength of alkali activated materials. Minerals 9(11):714. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9110714

Now you have learned different techniques to drill at an angle; it will help you to improve your woodworking projects. If you still have any questions or suggestions, please comment below. Thanks for reading; keep crafting!

Drilling and screwing at 45 degrees not only makes your project look aesthetically appealing but also improves the strength of joints. It’s widely used in furniture and cabinetry making. No doubt, it’s a bit challenging process and requires some precaution because sometimes the drill bit slips, especially if you are doing hand drilling.

Mass millingreddit

European Norm EN 1927-5: Monolithic (unshaped) refractory products—Part 5: preparation and treatment of the test pieces, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing, Czech Republic, 2013

Ovčačíková, H., Tokarský, J., Maierová, P. et al. Effect of Mass Ratio and Milling on Compressive Strength and Corrosion Resistance of Blast-Furnace Slag/Fly Ash Geopolymer Activated by Solid Alkali Activator. J. Sustain. Metall. 8, 1961–1974 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-022-00618-5

Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A, Criado M (2005) Microstructure development of alkali-activated fly ash cement: a descriptive model. Cem Concr Res 35(6):1204–1209. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2006.v56.i281.92

Angulo-Ramírez DE, Valencia-Saavedra WG, Mejía de Gutiérrez R (2020) Alkali-activated concretes based on fly ash and blast furnace slag: Compressive strength, water absorption and chloride permeability. Ingeniería e Investigación 40(2):72–80. https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v40n2.83893

(B) If you’re using a thick bit, like 12mm for the countersink, then stop as soon as you reach deep enough to hide the screw head. You can stick a tape on the drill bit to monitor the depth.

European Norm EN 15167-1: Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout-Part 1: definitions, specifications and conformity criteria, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing, Czech Republic, 2006

Wang KT, Du LQ, Lv XS, He Y, Cui XM (2017) Preparation of drying powder inorganic polymer cement based on alkali-activated slag technology. Powder Technol 312:204–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.02.036

Centre for Advanced Innovation Technology, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic

ASTM C618-19, Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2019)