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What is work hardeningused for

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The drill speed is critical for drilling hardened steel. Drilling at high speeds causes high temperatures, which will damage your drill bit. Therefore, drilling hardened steel should be done at a low RPM and feed rate. Feed rates are typically at least 50% lower than for lesser hardness steel. Speeds generally are 30% of that of a non-hardened material.

I will use the terms “strain hardening” and “work hardening” interchangeably throughout this article.  Let’s talk about this hardening more deeply.

What is work hardeningin metals

For better protection, use safety glasses that wrap around the sides of your face. Eye protection is required to ensure that a tiny metal fragment does not cause significant eye injury.

Titanium nitride (TiN) is a very strong ceramic substance that protects the steel bit and allows it to last longer, especially when drilling hardened steel.

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Make sure the piece of metal is in a flat and secure area. Holding the metal with one hand while running the drill with the other is not a good idea. It is better to secure the metal with a clamp.

Heat is one of the biggest allies to work hardening. Increasing temperature increases the susceptibility of materials to work hardening.

Some metals like aluminum and austenitic stainless steel cannot be heat treated or tempered to increase their hardness. But they can be work hardened by peening, rolling, forging, or drawing.

Bending a paper clip back and forth until it breaks is a demonstration.  The paper clip breaks because it eventually strain hardens so much from being bent, and is so hard that it becomes brittle and breaks.

Cobalt has a high melting point of 1495°C, making it ideal for high heat drilling applications like hardened steel. The most common are M35, a 5% alloy, and M42, a 7% alloy.

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When comparing the carbide, both cobalt and titanium drill bits are better than regular steel drill bits due to their added components, as well as their resistance to heat and wear. However, in terms of hardness and longevity, the carbide drill bit is better than both of them.

Think about this in relationship to machining operations.  A milling cutter slices and pulls out chips.  Sounds like the pulling out of the chip could be tensile deformation.  On the other hand, if we put the part in a hydraulic press we are applying compressive deformation.

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The best tools at your disposal to avoid strain hardening are using proper feeds and speeds, tool coatings, and coolant. But we can add a number of other tips and techniques:

If we look at types of strain, we see two deformation mechanisms.  In tensile deformation, the length of the object increases.  In compressive deformation, the length decreases.

What is work hardeningchemistry

Hardened steel types include ATS34, CPM440V, Z60CDV14,  Sandvic, and 12C27. Carbon steel must go through a succession of heat treatments, quenching, and reheating to become hardened steel.

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Lubricant should be applied to both the drill bit and the drilling surface. To reduce the temperature, repeat this step between drillings.

How doeswork hardening work

If you've worked with hardened steel before, you'll know that a regular drill bit won't cut through. Your best bet is to use the carbide bits because they are the hardest drill bits available.

Hardening a material sounds like a good thing, but there are times when it is undesirable. If nothing else, the material will be harder to machine, cut through, or form during the manufacturing process.  That means it may have to be cut with slower feeds and speeds, or that tool life will suffer.

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As machinists, we’re often concerned with how to minimize work hardening when working on a material prone to it.  More about that below.

Rockwell hardness testing is a standard method for determining the  hardness of metals and polymers. Rockwell hardness is measured with a device known as a Rockwell hardness tester. The tougher the steel is, the higher the number on the RC scale. The higher the RC number, the slower the drill speed should be.

The application of heat must be controlled so the material does not melt. There are guides for most materials that tell you how hot it must get to anneal the material.

However, it would be best to exercise caution when using carbide-tipped drills since they can be brittle despite being the hardest. Because of their great strength, they are extensively employed in industrial applications. They can cut through concrete, masonry, tile, and hardened steel.

The strain we apply up to the crossover (where the line changes from blue to green) is the yield stress.  As long as we don’t apply more stress than that, we’re causing elastic deformation and the part will spring back to its original shape when we remove that stress.  If we go past that point, plastic deformation occurs, and if we keep going, the part will eventually fracture or break.  Stress past that point is called plastic stress.

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Plastic deformation is the process of applying enough stress to the material so it is permanently deformed. The process of applying that stress is called “Cold Working” the material.

Measure and mark the hole, then use a center punch and hammer to make a slight indentation. Drill bits tend to wander when they first start drilling. Therefore the dimple helps the drill bit become more steady. The dimple also serves as a reference for where to drill your hole.

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Carbide drill bits are the toughest drill bits available and best for drilling hardened steel. Carbide is a  compound made from tungsten and carbon. Carbide drill bits are typically composed of steel that has a carbide tip.

Among the mechanical properties materials have, hardness is often a valuable one.  Various processes can be employed to increase metal hardness when desired, a process called cold working.

In computing for the RPM, for example 1"-diameter tool must run at 30 sfm. Based on the equation above, at 30  sfm: (30 × 3.82) ÷ 1 = 114.6, this means you have to use 115 RPM to drill a 1 inch Rockwell C 40 to 45 steel.

Carbide drill bits are typically harder than cobalt drill bits, although both are suitable for drilling stainless steel and other hard metals. However, Carbide drill bits retain their sharpness for a longer period than cobalt drill bits. They can also be utilized at a faster cutting rate and withstand higher temperatures than cobalt drill bits.

After strain hardening, the material will be somewhat less ductile, which may make it less suitable for its intended use. As the paper clip was bent it got harder, but less ductile, until it eventually broke.  The directional properties of the material may also be adversely affected.

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Elastic deformation is deformation that recovers when the stress is removed.  And yield stress is a mechanical property that is the amount of stress needed to hit the exact transition from elastic deformation (lower) to plastic deformation.  Yield stress is often the maximum allowable load on a component because applying more load will cause the component to be permanently deformed.

A value called the strain hardening exponent is one way to quantify the degree to which a material will work harden.  Here’s a table showing the strain hardening exponent (the n-value) for a number of common metals:

There are many other things to consider when choosing the right drill bit for hardened steel. This post will cover what you need to know about drilling hardened steel and provide you with some suggestions on the best drill bits that will work well for your needs.

If you are in the process of drilling hardened steel, maybe for one of the reasons mentioned above, or potentially something completely different, why not take a look at the drill bits we have available for metal. Our range is designed for high end performance and is suitable for those drilling hardened and normal stainless steel.

Therefore, cobalt drill bits have a longer life and are more heat resistant than titanium drill bits. Which means cobalt drill bits are typically better since they are much more durable than titanium-coated bits and can drill holes through the hardest metals.

Work hardeningexamples

Strain hardening is caused by the dislocations in the crystal structure of the material running into one another. Annealing is the application of heat to force recrystallization that eliminates those dislocations.

Materials science has a lot to say about strain hardening, and it isn’t too hard to understand.  Let’s make it a touch more technical, so we have some language to discuss it.  Don’t worry, I have put all the really technical stuff at the very end of the article, so you can easily skip it!

Cobalt drill bits are not made of pure cobalt. Instead, they are made of steel combined with a small proportion of cobalt, often between 5 and 7 percent, and the remaining part steel.

What is work hardeningin Engineering

The higher the n-value, the more easily the material work hardens.  17-4PH Stainless has an n-value of 0.05, which means it is only minimally work hardening.  But 304 Stainless has an n-factor of 0.45, which means it is very susceptible to work hardening.  I’m sure that’s one reason many machinists are not fond of it.

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The root cause of strain hardening is dislocation of the crystal structure of the metal.  This short video has great illustrations of what I mean by dislocations:

Carbide drill bits are used for drilling broken bolts, safes, studs, bearing races, taps, and knives made from hardened steel. They are designed to allow the quick dissipation of heat and prevent chipping.

Drill through-hardened steel metal at the recommended speed using a drill bit, preferably carbide bits. Larger drill bits require even slower speeds.

If you are short on time, the best drill bits for hardened steel are carbide-tipped bits. They are the most suitable drill bits for hardened steel due to their robust and heat-resistant properties. However, there are other options such as titanium and cobalt.

Hardened steel is used in energy,  transportation, general mechanical engineering components, and many other applications. Axles, arbors, driving pinions, camshafts, and Cardan joints are examples of hardened steel components.

Titanium drill bits are high-speed steel bits with a titanium nitride covering. Titanium-coated drill bits provide many advantages over ordinary steel bits, including the ability to endure greater temperatures, increased wear resistance, and higher durability.

Titanium drill bits are high-speed steel bits with a titanium nitride (TiN) coating, whereas cobalt drill bits do not have a coating; the entire bit is constructed of alloy steel that contains 5 to 8% cobalt.

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In theory, any metal or alloy can be strain hardened. What differs is how easily they strain harden and how much harder the get.

Strain hardening, or work hardening as it is more often called, is the hardening of metal by plastic deformation.  It can be a problem or a benefit in metalworking.  Learn what it is and how to avoid or encourage it in this article.

When drilling through hardened steel, you must ensure that your drill bit is made from tougher materials. Carbide bits are the strongest drill bits material and can cut through hardened steel. But if they are not available, titanium and cobalt drill bits can also be used. However, drilling with either of these bits will take longer than drilling with a carbide drill bit.