When pre-drilling for fasteners, the fastener’s size is not the only factor that should determine the best drill bit size. The workpiece material matters, too.

Standard drill bit sizes may not cover all needs, especially for specialized projects. Professionals in shipbuilding, machining, construction, and other industries may need to order custom-made bits in specific sizes.

RPM is a measure of the number of complete revolutions in a minute. For example, if a wheel is rolling so it completes one full revolution per second, in 60 seconds it will have completed 60 revolutions, and so it would be rotating at 60 RPM. An RPM formula that you can use to find the RPM in any situation is:

Work efficiently and create high-quality work with the right drill bit. Selecting the correct drill bit size can improve hole accuracy, prevent material damage, and improve the application of screws and fasteners. Use this drill bit size guide to choose the right size for the job.

Rotational motion is one of the most important things to understand when you're learning classical physics, and converting a rotational velocity to a linear speed is a key task in many problems.

For example, thread-forming screws for plastic are designed for thermoplastic materials. A #0 screw size has 40 threads per inch. The recommended hole diameter in soft, ductile materials is .0498 inches, but in brittle material, it’s .0490 inches.

\(\begin{aligned}\) \(ω &= \frac{40 \text{ RPM}}{60 \text{ second/minute}} × 2π \text{ rad/rev}\) \(&= 4.19 \text{ rad/s}\) \(\end{aligned}\)

From this formula, you can calculate RPM in any situation and even if you've been recording the number of revolutions for less than (or more than) a minute. For example, if a wheel completes 30 revolutions in 45 seconds (i.e. 0.75 minutes), the result is: 30 ÷ 0.75 = 40 RPM.

There are a couple of additional points it's worth keeping in mind when you perform these calculations. First, the direction of the linear speed you calculate is always tangential to the point on the circle you're calculating for.

In manual machining, it’s typically advisable to drill a pilot hole before drilling holes bigger than 3.2 mm in ferrous material. This is because the web of a twist drill, the central part of the drill bit body that connects the lands, is not very effective at cutting. You can drill a pilot hole using a drill diameter bigger than the final drill’s web.

May 29, 2024 — Cutting speed is the speed at which the surface of the workpiece material moves past the cutting tool. It is a measure of how fast the material is being cut.

Using this, it's easy to see how to convert between RPM and angular velocity: First, convert from per minute to per second, then convert the number of revolutions to a value in radians. The formula you need is:

RPM toinchespersecond

The calculation itself is fairly straightforward, but it's complicated if the angular velocity (i.e. the change in angular position per unit time) is expressed in a non-standard form like revolutions per minute (RPM). However, converting RPM to speed is still easy enough after you convert the RPM to a more standard measure of angular velocity.

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RPM to feet per minuteCalculator

This is a much more useful format when you're converting RPM to linear speed, because there is a simple relation between angular velocity and linear speed, which doesn't exist in explicit form for RPM. Given that there are 2π radians in a complete revolution, RPM is really telling you "the number of 2π radian rotations per minute."

Cutting speed is defined as the speed at the outside edge of the tool as it is cutting. This is also known as surface speed.

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In contrast, blind holes are drilled only partially through the material. If the bit is longer than the depth you want to drill, you can mark the depth on the bit with tape or string to avoid over-drilling.

For example, if you were swinging a yo-yo in a giant circle, but the string broke, the yo-yo would fly off in whatever direction it was traveling in at the instant the string broke. Second, it's crucial that you think about units when you're calculating rpm. The units of distance you use for the radius will be the same as the units of distance in your final speed, and so it's better to stick with meters or feet even if the number for the radius ends up being very small.

Johnson, Lee. How To Convert RPM To Linear Speed last modified March 24, 2022. https://www.sciencing.com/convert-rpm-linear-speed-8232280/

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In the US market, drill bit diameters are commonly measured in fractions of an inch. Metric drill bit sizes use standard metric lengths. Keeping an equivalence chart on hand is useful for converting fractional and metric measurements.

While diameter is a key consideration for choosing the right drill bit size for the job, you also want to consider length. You may want a longer drill bit for deeper holes, but you want to avoid using an excessively long bit. The longer the bit, the less stability it has.

Johnson, Lee. "How To Convert RPM To Linear Speed" sciencing.com, https://www.sciencing.com/convert-rpm-linear-speed-8232280/. 14 February 2020.

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RPM to feet persecond calculator

Through holes are drilled all the way through the material. To make a through hole in a single pass, select a drill bit longer than the material’s thickness. Or, if you can drill from both sides of the material, the drill bit can be at least half the length of the material.

SFMto RPM

Johnson, Lee. (2020, February 14). How To Convert RPM To Linear Speed. sciencing.com. Retrieved from https://www.sciencing.com/convert-rpm-linear-speed-8232280/

A pilot hole is a small initial hole you drill to improve drilling stability and prevent wandering. Moreover, you may be able to fill the pilot hole with lubricant for heat management.

Most situations in physics will use angular velocity (ω) instead of RPM, which is essentially the angular change in position of an object per second, measured in radians per second.

In words, you divide by 60 to convert to revolutions per second, then you multiply by 2π to turn this into a value in radians per second, which is the angular velocity you're looking for. For example, with the wheel in the previous section traveling at 40 RPM, you convert to angular velocity as follows:

The simplest way to find an appropriate bit size for a specific fastener is to consult a drill bit size chart. This resource will recommend the right size based on the material and fastener size.

Where ω is the angular velocity you calculated in the previous step, and r is the radius of the circular path for the motion, and you multiply these together to find the linear speed. For example, with the wheel rotating at 40 RPM, i.e. 4.19 rad/s, assuming a radius of 15 cm = 0.15 m, the velocity is: